What Is Being Accurate The Same As Being Valid?

Many people believe Freud engaged in sexual abuse of children as a part of his studies. His studies on the theories of personality are based upon five stages of development in a child from birth until adulthood. All the theories are centered on specific erogenous zones or particular body parts that are sensitive to sexual stimulation (Stevenson, 1996). Needs, as noted by Freud, which need to be met during each of these stages of development are present from the moment of birth. If the needs are not met or if the needs are overly met, the child will experience frustration or overindulgence issues (Stevenson, 1996). In addition to the issues of frustration or overindulgence, should the child become fixated upon a particular stage the methods the child uses to obtain satisfaction for that stage will affect the child throughout adulthood (Stevenson, 1996).

The tests related with personality intrigue people because human personality is a very curious topic for people. Everyone wants to know about their personality and the internet has become the easiest method to access any personality test that claims to solve your queries about your own. People take interest into these tests and end up being fooled by some vague claims made by a machine that has all remarks and conclusions fitted in it. I was no exception to it when I decided to take a personality test and get included in the list of those people who got duped by such tests.

The D personality trait – The high dominant behavior style presents a challenge in that he/she tends to operate in a fast paced manner which is totally the opposite of the high “S” counselor. Communication with the impatient controller is a challenge for the “S” counselor until empathy and listening skills begin to emerge. Generally patient, submissive, and quietly reflective, the approach in therapy would be to assist the counselee to choose a solution focused goal for the problem

Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2009). Theories of Personality (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

pists reveal little personally/little reactions=transference of repressed issues with others onto therapist beginning issues to light)…listen, learn, interpret…intense & long (expect psychodynamic therapy)…Transference & Countertransference=useful in group work…Brief Psychodynamic Therapy (BPT) & Time Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (TLDP)

Apart from the features mentioned above, the core assumption of the psychoanalytic perspective is that a person’s personality depends on childhood experiences. In this psychosexual development theory, Freud assumed that all children go through five stages. These are the oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage and genital stage. He believed that a fixation would occur if a child experienced extreme problems or pleasure. (Eysenck, 1994)

The DISC assessment generated three personality types within the group: Interactive, Cautious, and Dominance. Three members of the group that include myself are labeled as Interactive. The Interactive strengths include

Validity is the degree to which an instrument measure what it is purports to measure. Invalid instruments can lead to erroneous research conclusions, which in turn can influence educational decisions. Reliability is the internal consistency or stability of the measuring device

Validity refers to that measuring tool or approaches can accurately measure things needed to be measured. It can be considered as an extent that measured results reflect investigative contents. Measured results more tend to be identical, validity will be higher, vice versa. Guba and Lincoln (1981) argued that whole social research must include invalidity in order to acquire worthwhile data within both the rationalistic paradigm (quantitative research) and naturalistic paradigm (qualitative research). Some factors can determine the level of validity, which include bias, construct

a. According self tests using the Five Factor Model, my personality has low extraversion and emotional stability, a high degree of openness, and moderate levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Low extraversion is demonstrated in both professional and social envionments. While working a corporate job as a financial analyst, taking the time and initiative to interact with coworkers beyond the scope of the job was limited to a brief conversation once a day with the same two people. In large social gatherings, interactions are limited to familiar people with whom I have pre-existing friendships. If I attend a concert by myself, I will bring a book to read in between musical acts to prevent people from speaking to me. Low emotional

This personality can make the person display unusual arrogance, lack of empathy as well as absolute need fro admiration that can be seen in the way they carry out their duties at work and generally how they would like to be perceived in a relationship.

The personality assessment inventory tests provide results on my individual personality, values, motivation, decision making, communication, team skills, conflict skills, organizational structure preference, and stress. These results are broken down briefly in three parts and do not include any personal speculation or analysis as to their meaning. The application of these results are further applied and explains how the results noted from the tests and in the first step will make me a better employee, co-worker, and manager within my organization. These tests mentioned above are applied in conjunction with particular examples on how I can achieve becoming a better employee, co-worker, and manager. An explanation of how my personality and experiences were affected by the Holy Spirit is also discussed. Particularly, how potential weaknesses have become strengths with the guidance of the Lord.

People who have this usually have the “Type A” personalities, which are people who are too competitive, very aggressive, impatient, and always in a rush (Miller and Smith, n.d.).

The Type C personality is formed by a number of attributes drawn from Type A and B personalities (Schafer, 2000). Individuals with the Type C personality encounter challenges head-on with success and vitality. Several qualities exhibited by Type Cs include their inspiring self, optimism, impulsive nature, and their vigilant focus (Schafer, 2000). The Type C model, developed by Robert and Marilyn Kriegel (1990, as cited in Schafer, 2000), categorises three patterns; challenge, confidence, and control, which closely resemble the three Cs of the hardy characteristic discussed below.

There are many definitions and theories regarding personality. Though there isn’t one specific definition that is acceptable for all the different personality theories, I believe that personality is the outward expression of ones beliefs, morals, and emotions; each of which define and differentiate an individual. Personality is seen to be a pattern of somewhat permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and distinctiveness to a person's behavior. Learning about the different theorist’s and their work has allowed me to broaden my horizon’s regarding my opinions on the different theories. Though I find many aspects of the different theories applicable to ones personality, I also find points where I don’t necessarily agree with them in regards to ones personality.