Psychopharmacologic Premature: A Case Study

The patient is a 28-year-old female referred to Winnebago Mental Health Institute Out-Patient Resource Center from a Psychiatric Hospital after 2 months in-patient treatment. She has a 10-year history of mental health problems and received a diagnosis of schizophrenia in 2015. At the time of the referral Susan was single with no children. During her in-patient treatment, she had been prescribed an antipsychotic medication (thorazine) to assist in reduction of her perceived anxiety, potential aggressive behaviors, and to assist in decreasing hallucinations that she is currently experiencing ( Drugs.com, 2015). There had been no noted presenting problems regarding her physical health during this process and is observed to be in good

Related to (r/t) factors: frequent accidents after sudden urge to void, inability to delay urine with sudden urge and increasing urinary accidents over past year. Neurological disorders (brain disorders, including cerebrovascular accident, brain

The goal for treatment was to reduce the patient’s urges as well as his practice in autoerotic, where he will resist and act out his fantasies, and change his heterosexual functioning. According to the doctor, for this treatment to work the patient checked in to an inpatient facility with wife and two children, into a flat for six weeks. To get rid of the fantasies the doctor taught the patient coping strategies and covert sensitization. The wife was very involved with this and helped monitor his treatment. (Haydn-Smith Peter, 1987)

For issue 1.4 the discussion explored the question of whether or not sexual problems should be treated pharmaceutically. Connie Newman advocated for pharmaceutical treatment while Anita Hoffer argued against. Connie Newman presented her argument with various research, referring to the DSM to support her argument that sexual problems were not only a psychological but also physiological problem. She also laid out a comprehensive timeline demonstrating how the sexual problems have been viewed and treated over the years, progressing from purely a psychological based treatment to VIAGRA being an accepted method of treatment for male patients with erectile dysfunction (McKee, 2013, p. 51). However she did recognize that treatments for women had not

He reports he still has seizures "mostly brought on by stress" (Baker, Personal Communication, 2015). He currently takes the following prescriptions/supplements: Keppra, Lamictal XR, Carbidopa, Crestor, Hydroxyzine HCL, Melatonin, Omeprazole, Simvastatin, Hydrocodone/acetaminophen, omeprazole. He reports no alcohol or drug use outside of those prescribed, as well as no history of drug or alcohol abuse in his past.

Due to John’s co-occurring symptoms, particularly fatigue, Bupropion has been shown to significantly treat this cluster of symptoms, which much reduced instances of symptom relapse than with other medication options (Gaynes et Al, 2011). Fluoxetine (Prozac) may have been an alternate choice for medication due to similiarities with activating effects; however, in considering John’s concerns surrounding potential sexual dysfunction, Bupropion has reduced instances of this occurring as well as positive therapeutic effect (Preston, O’Neal, & Talaga, 2017).

A comparison between schizophrenia and bipolar spectrum disorder focusing on history, etiology, treatment, and symptoms of each disease will introduce the concept of the Continuum Disease Model (CDM) as a basis for further debate and discussion on the controversial designation of schizoaffective disorder (bipolar type/depressive type). The concept of a possible connection between distinct disorders is strongly disputed between many experts due to presence of manic or hypomanic episodes as a clear distinction requiring the designation of bipolar spectrum disorder as opposed to negative and positive schizophrenic symptoms; however, similarities in the disorders including etiology, presence of psychosis, and effectiveness of new atypical antipsychotic treatments may present similar neurological psychopathology. Schizoaffective disorder may present only unipolar depressive symptoms along with negative or positive schizophrenic symptoms but bipolar type will be the focus of discussion. An argument disputing the legitimacy of the CDM will be presented though the stress-diathesis model supports the designation of schizoaffective disorder in the newest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). A deeper look at the mechanisms in the psychopharmacological drug treatments specifically focused on the atypical antipsychotics quetiapine (trade name Seroquel) and lurasidone (trade name Latuda), providing theories of their effects on brain

With any medication prescribed it is the duty of the prescriber an any mental health professional working directly with that client to provide them with as much psychoeducation as possible. It is vital that the client understands the benefits and risks of the medication. FUrthermore, it is vital for the client to understand that the client must be willing to commit to the process of finding the correct cocktail if you will.

Jason stepped out of the urology center at Cedars Sinai and walked out onto the street. He had visited this center in order to receive his test results and speak to his doctor about the next plan of action. His doctor had wanted to engage in a physical examination of his genitalia, talk about the results of the hormone testing and engage in a questionnaire about his physical and psychological functioning. Neither Jason nor his doctor found the visit terribly illuminating. All the tests and bloodwork that came back for Jason was normal. Jason's systems were all in tip top working order, and there was nothing in his medical history which indicated that his system of sexual arousal should be altered or non-functional in any way.

The multidisciplinary treatment the author uses to help his disorder apart from the medication, is to see his therapist every two weeks and psychiatrist every two months to check if the medication is working. Some of his treatments are difficult to deal with because he has to be stable to make sure he is taking his medicine at the same time every day otherwise he is not appropriate for the public. Also all medication has side effects which could potentially have him not wanting to take them to not have any side effects.

Psychotropic medications are usually, and perhaps, overly prescribed as a first-line treatment for a range of psychiatric analyses in children in a diversity of clinical settings. A psychotropic drug (psychopharmaceutical) is a chemical material that changes brain function and results in adjustments in perception, mood, or consciousness. Consequently, these alterations often cause a bevy of side effects that create significant harm to prescribed patients. The brain of a child is infinitely more sensitive and susceptible to side effects from psychotropic drugs which makes their use even more dangerous. Adding further fuel to the fire, as Kardish states, “Children in the United States are on drugs for longer and more often than kids in any other country” (2015). Together with this dark truth, the over abundant usage and steadily increasing inclination towards psychotropic therapy amongst health professionals, is eliciting a dire and troubling situation that must be addressed by the medical horizon.

Goal #1: Client will learn knowledge skill that will help him understand want his psychotropic medications are for, and how it will reduce psychotic episodes as evidenced by him recognizing delusional thinking patterns, abstaining from substance abuse, increasing interaction with family members, and resolve issues that result in him feeling stressed

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can negatively affect one’s sexual arousal and are sometimes recommended by health care providers to avoid on days that an individual might have sexual activity (Harvard Medical School, 2016). Bisphosphonates have associated risk of femur fracture when taken long-term (Harvard Medical School, 2016). Suspension of bisphosphonates may be recommended every couple of years by one’s health care provider to reduce the risk of fracture (Harvard Medical School, 2016). Drug holidays for carbidopa and levodopa were formerly recommended to decrease sided effects associated with the medication (Harvard Medical School, 2016). However, abrupt cessation of these drugs is no longer supported due fever, altered mental status, and even death when suspended (Harvard Medical School,

The efficacy and safety of the drug in patients under the age of 18 years is not established. With renal / hepatic insufficiency and long-term treatment, control over the picture of peripheral blood and liver enzymes is necessary. Patients who did not take previously psychoactive drugs respond to the drug at lower doses compared to patients taking antidepressants, anxiolytics or alcohol. With endogenous depression, alprazolam can be used in combination with antidepressants. With the use of alprazolam, patients with depression have seen cases of hypomanic and manic development. Like other benzodiazepines, alprazolam has the ability to induce drug dependence in long-term admission in large doses (more than 4 mg / day). With a sudden discontinuation of alprazolam, there may be comeback syndromes, such as depression, irritability, insomnia, increased sweating, especially with prolonged admission (more than 8-12 weeks). When patients develop such unusual reactions as increased aggressiveness, acute excitations, feelings of fear, thoughts of suicide, hallucinations, increased muscle cramps, difficult sleep, superficial sleep, treatment should be discontinued. During pregnancy Xanax is very dangerous due to its toxic effect on the fetus and increases the risk of congenital malformations when applied in the first trimester of pregnancy. Admission of therapeutic doses in later periods

A combination of treatments may be needed in order to properly treat urinary incontinence. A commonly used medication used to treat over active bladder and urge incontinence is anticholinergics. Some examples of anticholinergics is oxybutynin (Ditropan XL), tolterodine (Detrol), and darifenacin (Enablex) (Mayo Clinic, 2014). With each medication that is taken some possible side effects include heart rhythm disturbances, cognitive problems such as confusion, and dizziness due to postural hypotension. Other types of medications that are used include