Psychotherapy: What Is Chemotherapy?

Antibiotics:- antibiotics are medication which destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria, they are used to treat infections which are caused by bacteria. Most of the time the body’s immune system can fight off bacteria but in cases in which the body cannot antibiotics are used to destroy them. Antibiotics are either given orally, applied to the skin in ointment form or injected, this all depends on the type of infection the body is currently trying to fight off, for example skin infections are treated with ointment, oral antibiotics are used to fight of moderate infections and injective antibiotics are most commonly used in

Antibiotics either stop the bacterial cell from reproducing or kill the cell. They can disrupt the bacteria by deterring

Cephalexin, is a beta-lactam antibiotic. The antibiotic binds to specific penicillin-binding proteins positioned inside the bacterial cell wall, this inhibits the third and last stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis. The consequences are fatal to the susceptible bacteria but comparatively harmless for the human cells because the latter does not possess such a structure. Cell

The disclosure by Alexander Fleming of penicillin opened up a totally new time of chemotherapy. Antibiotics are the chemotherapeutic specialists that kill or inhabit the development of microorganisms. These substance operators are utilized to treat malady by wrecking pathogenic microorganisms or restraining their development at focus sufficiently low to enough to avoid undesirable harm to the host (Dafale et al., 2016).

Gram-Negative infections are a major cause of mortality in the hospital, intensive care unit and healthcare system. For years the Carbapenems have been a major last line player in eliminating infections. Carbapenem resistance is now increasing. Two drugs Avycaz and Zerbaxa are available to fight against those microbes with Carbapenem resistance. The newly approved combination drug Avycaz is composed of Ceftazidime and Avibactam. Ceftazidime is a 3rd generation cephalosporin. It inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the penicillin binding protein. Avibactam is a non- Beta lactam Beta Lactamase Inhibitor. It is essential in increasing the

β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are a class of broad-spectrum antibiotics, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecular structures. They kill bacteria by generally inhibiting their cell wall synthesis. They are mainly active against gram positive bacterias but many gram negative bacteria are also susceptible to amoxicillin. Staphylococcus aureus being a gram positive bacteria are highly susceptible to amoxillin.

Antibiotics were introduced to people in 1929, which could restrain the normal growth of the other bacteria called antimicrobial activity, was found by British scientist Alexander Fleming by coincidence. Then scientists used antibiotics, to cure injured soldiers and got great success during the World War. With the efforts of many scientists in the past half of the century, thousand kinds of antibiotics are found, which could be natural, semi-synthetic or synthetic, and many of them are used in medical field successfully.

Chemotherapy, is the treatment of diseases by chemical agents. Chemotherapeutic drugs commonly include anticancer drugs. The way the drug are used vary, some may affect the wall of the bacteria, and cell membranes. In some instances they even alter the molecular mechanism for duplication, change nucleic acid metabolism, and even change interaction between two interacting organisms.

Since the inception of penicillin, many synthetic penicillin have been developed to treat problem with resistance”. In addition, penicillin is a class of antimicrobial drug that is used to treat infections including respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and sexually transmitted disease. Also, they are effective for treating infections of the heart that are caused by bacteria. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics effective in treating polymicrobial infections. They are effective in treating intra abdominal and gynecologic infections. Cephalosporin’s are similar to the penicillin and can be divided into four generations based on the antimicrobial spectrum activity. The first generation were the first class that was utilized and used to treat skin infection, urinary tract infections and preventive measure for surgical procedures The second generation was used to treat community acquired pneumonia, and other respiratory infections. The third was used to treat bacterial meningitis and nosocomial infections (Arcangelo & Peterson,

Two main mechanisms are responsible for resistance to aminopenicillins: enzymatic hydrolysis of the antibiotic and a change in penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). The more frequent is the production of β-lactamase, usually of the TEM-1 type but sometimes of the ROB-1 type [2]. The incidence of strains producing β-lactamase is particularly high in many countries [3;

Antibiotics are chemical substances that can kill or inhibit the growth of infectious microorganism. They could be naturally occurring or synthetic in a laboratory. Each type of infection has its therapeutic course duration which should be completed neither reduced nor overused. The long term use of antibiotics may harm the host. In addition to the impact of antibiotic on infectious organism, they can affect the non-infectious bacteria. These effect on non-infectious bacteria depend on the type of used antibiotic, its mechanism of action and resistance level among community. Different antibiotics affect the normal gut bacteria in diverse ways depending on several the antibiotic spectrum of activity, dose and duration of therapeutic course, administration route and characteristics of the

Cephalosporins are the most prescribed antibiotics because they are among the safest and the most effective broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. In veterinary medicine, cephalosporins are widely used to treat and prevent various infectious diseases ( Puig et al. 2007). Cefoperazone is one of the parenteral third-generation semi-synthetic cephalosporins antibiotic active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including β-lactamases produced by Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas spp. (Johnson et al. 1988 and Hammam et al. 2006). The low level of toxicity and broad spectrum of antibacterial activity of cefoperazone may allow its use as a single agent for the treatment of intra-abdominal infections (Baird 1983).

Penicillin, the first antibiotic developed for the therapy of bacterial infectious diseases have also found new applications as anti-cancer prodrugs and enzyme inhibitors.(37) Several studies have reported on the anticancer properties of the β-lactams. N-methylthio β-lactams, a new class of drugs was found to induce apoptotic behavior in a number of cancer cell lines, including human breast, prostate, leukemia, and

This practical involved the determination of susceptibility of antimicrobial agents using the Kirby-Bauer sensitivity test as well as investigating the minimal inhibitory concentration of penicillin. This practical also demonstrated the reversal of penicillin inhibition in the presence or absence of β-lactamase.

A common cold, sore throats and, influenza are considering as viruses, which antibiotics only used against the bacteria. Antimicrobial agents is drugs that are similar to antibiotics, which used for last 70 years to cure the contagious diseases. Antibiotics' term refer to any substance work against microbes, which was used first by Selman Waksman in 1942. ''Each year in the United States, at least 2 million people become infected with bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these