Psychotropic Drugs

"The toxicology studies on blood reveal the presence alprazolam, and amphetamine at levels likely consistent with the therapeutic range, a metabolite of buproprion and a high level of fentanyl. Phenylpropranolamine and amphetamine are present in the urine. When fentanyl and alprazolam are taken together there may be a synergistic central nervous system depressive effect. Based on the history and circumstances, s currently known, the manner of death is accident."

“Hallucinations and voices that caused schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders have been stopped with the use of new medications”. (MHT, 2) “Just as aspirin can reduce a fever without curing the infection that causes it, psychotherapeutic medications act by controlling symptoms,” (MFMI, 4). “Another advantage of these medications is an increased understanding of the causes of mental illness. Scientists investigate the results of the medications, and through these results, they have learned a great deal about the working of the brain system.” (MFMI, 4) The use of new drugs has made it possible for mentally ill persons to live a normal life.

Recent studies indicate that limiting the use of certain medications can improve a senior's life. One study, conducted by researchers at Indiana University, finds that the prolonged use of anticholinergics may cause physical changes within the brain that could lead to dementia. Furthermore, The Canadian Foundation for Healthcare Improvement (CFHI) released information related to a program it started in 2014: This study examined how the discontinuation of antipsychotic medications affected the seniors who were taking them to treat dementia. The results indicate that seniors’ lives may improve when antipsychotic medications (that are being used to treat dementia) are discontinued.

B’s tolerance to opiates not considered, Mr. B.’s clinical situation not considered (i.e., Mr. B’s age and renal function), and knowledge deficit of opiates. Drilling down the data to identify the root cause of Mr. B’s death is the fifth step in conducting a RCA on Mr. B’s sentinel event. Upon analyzing the data, causative factors, and events leading to Mr. B’s sentinel event, the RCA team determined that the root cause of Mr. B’s death is a medication error. Mr. B was given an overdose of hydromorphone. The final step in a root cause analysis is to implement changes that will mitigate the root cause. Changes include educating the nursing staff about hydromorphone, such as side effects and adverse reactions,

A major concern for children who are being treated with medications are that they are either being overprescribed or under prescribed (Rey & Sawyer, 2003). When prescribers have not had sufficient training in use of these medications, especially practicing on youth that are in underserved areas where access to prescribers with expertise in treating youth with psychopharmacology is extremely limited, they are at risk for being under or over prescribed. Medication may be overprescribed when there is insufficient attention paid to other supports and services that may benefit the youth, as well (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry’s Committee on Community-Based Systems of Care [AACAP], 2012). Another major concern for those who

Caring for your body is one of the most important things that you can do in life to benefit yourself. Good things result when you take proper care of yourself and practice healthy behaviors rather than unhealthy ones. Doing healthy things can help your life physically, emotionally, and socially. One important aspect of taking care of your body is making sure that you are putting the right things into it. It is important get six key nutrients daily: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, and water. It is also important that you eat healthy foods daily and follow the food pyramid so you are eating enough from all of the food groups. It is good to keep snacking and unhealthy foods to a minimum. Making sure that you are eating the right

While there is no cure for schizophrenia, research is leading to new, safer treatments. Experts also are unraveling the causes of the disease by studying genetics, conducting behavioral research, and by using advanced imaging to look at the brain’s structure and function. These novel approaches hold the promise of new, more effective therapies.

“An adverse drug event (ADE) is an injury resulting from medical intervention related to a drug. This includes medication errors, adverse drug reactions, allergic reactions, and overdoses” (Kohn, Corrigan, & Donaldson, 2017). These can occur due to the route, timing, dosage, wrong medication, and/or multiple medications given. Hydromorphone can be given via an IV, intramuscularly, orally, or rectally. When given frequently, in wrong doses, in patients who do not process medications as quickly, or in conjunction with other CNS depressants, respiratory depression or respiratory arrest may occur. “Progression to death during an opioid overdose emergency is usually not immediate as sedation generally precedes life-threatening opioid-induced respiratory depression” (Elzey, Barden, & Edwards, 2016, p. 216). When this

The author emphasizes the importance of safety for the patient in the hospital and at home. The author dissects the possible causes of the deaths and injuries such as incorrect dosage, misreading labels and lack of

Atypical antipsychotics (APDs) are the first line treatment for schizophrenia. But their mechanisms of action are not well understood. Studies have found that the APD quetiapine prevented the cortical OL demise resulting from cuprizone (CPZ) treatment in mice (Zhang et al., 2008) and facilitated OL lineage development in vitro (Zhang et al., 2008). In addition, neuroimaging studies showed that APD treatment resulted in increased myelination in patients with schizophrenia (Bartzokis et al., 2009). These studies suggest that APDs may exert their therapeutic effects by enhancing OL function and myelin integrity. The gap between in vitro and human neuroimaging studies emphasizes the importance of the development of an animal model to study the link between molecular and cellular changes and the pathological and behavioral outcomes after APD treatment.

In a multiple regression model, the only important predictor of cortical volume change is total antipsychotic drugs received. Cortical volume changes without apparent and mental pathological changes, related functions, extrapyramidal symptoms and body mass index or the duration of the age, gender, and treatment of mental illness. So related brain capacity to reduce antipsychotic treatment is not limited to patients with poor results appear even the lowest effective dose of antipsychotic. In the short run, the lack of an adverse effects associated with poor response to treatment or therapy is reduced in volume of cortex reflect neurotoxicity. Reduced in volume, on the other hand, not with the curative effect of antipsychotic drugs. [11]

Antipsychotics are classified as major tranquilizers that are used to treat mental health illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other mental illnesses. They can also treat severe depression and severe anxiety. These antipsychotics drugs reduce or increase the effect of neurotransmitters in the brain to regulate levels that help transfer information throughout the brain. The neurotransmitters that are affected are the serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.

In 1997, there was a case study and twelve pediatric zolpidem exposures were reported (CITE). Seven were unintentional (ages 20 mon-5 y) and five were intentional misuse/suicide (ages 12-16 y). The regional poison information center was contacted within 1 h in ten cases with onset of symptoms within 10 to 60 min (mean 31.6 min). One child had no effect with 2.5 mg. As little as 5 mg caused symptoms with minor outcome in six unintentional ingestions (5-30 mg). Minor to moderate symptoms were reported 1-4 h after intentional ingestions (12.5-150 mg). The duration of symptoms in the unintentional cases ranged from less than 60 min up to 4 h (mean 2.4 h) and 6-10 h (mean 7.5 h) in the intentional exposures. Treatment consisted of observation (4),

Doxylamine succinate, an over-the-counter antihistamine, is commonly used as a nighttime sleep aid in the short-term management of insomnia. It is also used in combination with antitussive and decongestant agents for the temporary relief of common cold symptoms. Doxylamine is frequently involved in accidental and intentional overdoses. Rhabdomyolysis and secondary acute renal failure are rare but potentially serious complications, making early recognition and treatment essential. With the large number of nonprescription antihistamines and sleep aids available to the general public, it is important to keep in mind that overdose is a potential problem. The complications associated with overdose of these medications are just as life threatening

While many people perceive images to be fully reliable, how the image is used is what really determines its validity. In this essay I will be briefly demonstrating the different ways in which fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) is used and how this brain imaging technology can help investigate the relationship between biological factors and behaviors of schizophrenia patients. These demonstrations will serve as a buildup to the main focus of this essay: evaluating the use of a specific brain imaging technology, fMRI. The evaluation of fMRI can be measured through the evaluation of studies about schizophrenic patients. How the study case is evaluated also depends partly on the evaluation of the used technology itself. The two