Ptcl Internship Report

It provides the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining cables, cards and physical aspects.

Handheld radios will be used as the primary communication device. Each radio will be fully charged prior to the event, and set to channel 1.

CB operators, or citizens band radio operators, are people who are only loosely regulated by government oversight. Anyone in the general public can jump onto a CB radio and talk to anyone within the U. S. at any time. CB equipment has a limited range and are only able to transmit at five watts, which limits how far the signal can travel. At five watts, it's only a few miles. They are also restricted to the 27 MHz band.

Generally, cordless business phone systems are used in small business establishments and home offices. Cordless business phone systems are available mainly in three different kinds - key systems, private branch exchange (PBX) systems, and KSU-less phone systems. Cordless key telephone system uses a central control device, known as key system unit

At the time of it's privatisation in 1984 BT's estimated initial value was £3,196bn. As it stands BT is one of the world's leading providers of fixed and mobile communications services. With a market capitalisation in excess of £50 billion, it is one of the largest private sector companies in Europe. It's principal activity is the supply of local, long distance and international telecommunications services and equipment in the UK, serving 27 million exchange lines, and with the acquisition of Cellnet, supports more than six million connections. In the 1997-98 financial year BT's turnover was £15,640m with a pre-tax profit of £3,219m. Currently BT is expanding its presence overseas rapidly and has operations in more than 30 countries worldwide, with joint ventures in another 15 countries.

Since the introduction of the first mobile phone in 1924, there has been a steady climb in developing and enhancing, the mobile phone and its supporting technologies. The cellular network infrastructures as well as service providers have been hard at work; in making sure they are providing the best service as well as devices. The infrastructure alone

Short Message Service (SMS): SMS has been phenomenally popular since its introduction in Bangladesh. CellBazaar leverages the simple, widespread power of SMS to bring the market to phone.

Air traffic control (ATC) is a service provided by ground-based controllers who direct aircraft on the ground and in the air. The primary purpose of ATC systems is to handle the aircraft downlinks and ground station uplinks. The pilot sends some downlink messages by using MKP (Multi-Functional Keypad), CCP(Cursor Control panel) in AM. The pilot will confirm the message by pressing SEND in AFD and it will come to ATC after pressing SEND function in AFD.RIU will then send the message to one of the existing radios (HF, SATCOM or VHF, with the selection of the radio based on special logic contained within the RIU). For a message to be sent over the VHF network, the radio would transmit the VHF signals containing the downlink message. This message is then received by a VHF Remote Ground Station .ATC may use a radar system called Secondary Surveillance Radar to downlink flight parameters allowing radar processing: systems and therefore controllers to see various data on a flight, including airframe unique id (24-bits encoded), indicated airspeed and flight director selected level, amongst others.Any aircraft is required to have clearance from Ground Control. This is normally done via VHF/UHF radio.

CE1.18 I used a spectrum analyser with a band of 2.4 GHz which was connected to PC for the survey to detect the RF activity in the limited location and was used to calculate the signal as well as the noise intensity in the region. I noticed variations in the power as I moved along from the reference point; I noted and referred this variation was due to the channel interference of the neighbouring BTS towers. I used the PC to generate the graphical and numerical data based on the spectrum analyser.

All possible options of connectivity will be available for users. The phone covers 2G as well as 3G network. In addition, data transfer can take place through Bluetooth technology while Wi-Fi connectivity gives you access to internet browsing.

The Mobility in wireless cellular communication systems is its backbone so as to enhance the quality of service and maintain the continuous service. Handoff is an important task in maintaining the continuity of call in cellular systems and its failure can result in ongoing call termination. So handoffs are necessary for providing an enhanced QoS (Quality of Service) to users and provide a ubiquitous coverage. In order to successfully implement the handoff process, the system designers make a proper optimum signal level at which point handoff will initiate. During the handoff process some parameters like relative signal strength, relative signal strength with threshold, relative signal strength with hysteresis and relative signal strength with hysteresis and threshold are to be considered carefully. So this paper shows the brief description about the different handoff techniques in cellular systems moreover it compares all the handoff strategies on the basis of execution time, S/I ratio, RSS (Relative Signal Strength), call handling difficulty, handoff made and generation

Cellular refers to a network technology that facilitates mobile device communication over areas comprised of cells and transceivers, which are also known as base stations or cell sites. In a cellular network, the most widely used mobile transceivers are mobile phones, or cell phones.

During this period cellular or mobile communications has begun to rapidly grow. The amount of time spent on network allocation, concentration, usage, and maintenance for these newer technologies were starting to become more complicated.

A mobile phone works on a unique networked system which needs no wiring, no fixation and no botheration. Originally it was used in cars, airlines, and passenger trains but increasingly it is becoming ubiquitous. It is basically low- power radio telephone. In this magical system calls go through radio transmitters that are located within small geographical unit which are known as cells. Since each cell's signals are too weak to interfere with those of other cells operating on the same frequencies and more channels can be used than would be possible with high power radio frequency transmission. Narrow-band frequency modulation (FM) is the most common mode of transmission, each message is assigned a carrier, unique to the cell from which it is transmitted.

a set of base stations to be a single virtual one by leveraging the AN control plane,