Ptinue Continued Research

In the movie, Whale Rider, there are great examples of Joseph Campbell’s article, Four Functions of Myth, which are: mystical myth, cosmological myth, social myth, and psychological myth. In the film, Whale Rider, Pai discovers her sense of self as she reinvents the Maori tribe’s creation myth to save the dying culture.

Sulmatriptan is a selective 5-HT1D agonist but also has actions act 5-HT1B receptors. Sulmatriptan does not cross the blood-brain barrier. The mechanism of action of drugs use in migraine are very little understood as they include such a wide variety in actions sunatirptuan and it congnars are currently 1st-pherorapy for a kid acute migraine in most patient they should not be use for patient at risk for pulmonary artery sunatriptan an order triptans are selective agonist for 5-HT1D and 5-HT1B receptors. These receptors types are found cerebral and meningeal vessels and moderate vasoconstrictron they are found on neurons and probably function as brbs inhibitior receptors the efficacies of all the triptan 5-HT agonist in migraine are equal to

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter in the brain that has an enormous influence over many brain functions. It is synthesized, from the amino acid L-tryptophan, in brain neurons and stored in vesicles. Serotonin is found in three main areas of the body: the intestinal wall; large constricted blood vessels; and the central nervous system. The most widely studied effects have been those on the central nervous system. The functions of serotonin are numerous and appear to involve control of appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, mood, behavior (including sexual and hallucinogenic behavior), cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, endocrine regulation, and

Hofmann worked for Bayer, which then named acetylsalicylic acid compound aspirin. Aspirin became commercially available in 1899 and today it is estimated that over a trillion aspirin tablets have been consumed by those in need of its curative effects.

The goal was to find out “why protracted use of non-aspirin pain relievers produce an abundance of methemoglobin, the oxidized form of hemoglobin, which fails to bind oxygen.” Julius Axelrod was able to do this project because he was a National Institute of Mental Health neuroscientist. He was even awarded the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine for showing “how nerves talk to each other.” This is how Axelrod began his study on acetaminophen.

As you know there are many drugs used against migraine. Many of these drugs contain caffeine, for good reason: caffeine relieves migraine by reversing caffeine withdrawal. Migraine drugs that contain caffeine include Fiorinal (40mg caffeine), Fioricet (40mg caffeine), Excedrin (65mg caffeine), Anacin (32mg caffeine), Cafergot, Norgesic Forte (60mg caffeine), and others.

On admission, he was taking 450mg/day of pregabalin to manage his neuropathic pain symptoms, and noted that it effectively reduced the sensations of numbness and burning within his neck, arms and legs, however he identified mild swelling in his extremities and weight gain as possible adverse effects from pregabalin treatment. With respect to the management of his headaches, nortriptyline therapy has decreased the frequency of his headaches from 5 to 2 episodes per week, but headache severity has remained unchanged, and typically rated at a 10/10. To treat the nociceptive and neuropathic pain, he is prescribed 90mg of duloxetine daily. He denies any history of depression or anxiety, however when asked about the drug’s effectiveness, he highlighted its positive effects on mood, noting that he is less emotional, less anxious and calmer since duloxetine therapy was initiated a year ago. These drug effects have allowed him to cope with the pain and stressful situations in his life more effectively. He notes that the immediate release morphine is not adequately controlling his breakthrough pain, and he also finds this medication to be constipating. He is uncertain whether Vimovo is providing him with any additional pain

Sarpogrelate (MCI-9042) was shown to have the same affinity as ritanserin for 5-HT2A receptors, with a Ki value of 8.39 nM [1].

The new drug blocks the sodium channel 1.7 according to the channel's level of activity - the more active the channel is the stronger will be the drugs hampering effect. Current drugs, in comparison, block the sodium channels without accounting for the activity level, which results in unecessary side effects. Sodium channels are located in nerve cell membranes. Their activation triggers the sensation of pain, the severity of which is proportional to the channels' activity level. According to the Zurich researchers, trigeminal neuralgia is believed to stem from a nerve deficiency or damage at the base of the skull. Given that local injections cannot reach this region, drugs are the first line of defense against the

Pain alleviation along with suppression of other symptoms are priority w/ selection of the proper drug to aid the patient. None of the selected treatments have been conclusively shown to slow or halt the disease process. Sodium valproate is often administered to patient with CJD. Sodium valproate issues its effectiveness in that it reduced cortical myoclonus, or irregular short duration jerks and seizures in patients with the disease (Vetrugno et al, 2014). Reduction is achieved when because the sodium valproate poses as an agent that increases cortical gamma amino butyric acid. Typically, patients display a response when administered a dose between 1 and 2.5 grams. For psychiatric symptoms of CJD, patients are prescribed Quetiapine. This particular drug has the ability to block 5HT1 and 5HT2 receptors, leaving adrenergic and H1 receptors more exposed (Vetrugno et al, 2014) 5HT1 and 2 receptors which stand for 5-hydroxytryptamine are G protein coupled. These receptors are specifically responsible for binding w/ the neurotransmitter serotonin. With Quetiapine, sides effect similar to Parkinson’s are less prevalent in patients. With pains symptoms, drugs such as Gabapentin and amitriptyline has proven to be effective. Pain in patients with CJD often occur in the thalamic origin, within the limbs, and through hyperesthesia

There has been little evolution and innovations in terms of Aspirin’s formula. It has not been changed since Hoffman’s discovery! However its form has been improved whilst originally sold as a powder, in 1915 Aspirin was produced as a tablet. Also, while the drug itself has not been modified, the knowledge about it has. It was not until the 1970’s that scientists began to understand how aspirin works, and in 1982, the scientist responsible for the findings, Professor Vane, won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for his

From reading a journal article Sweet Relief for Migraines written by Michael Murray (2015), a migraine relief comparison study of ginger to traditional medicine practice of sumatriptan

Migraine is an episodic syndrome consisting of a variety of clinical features that result from dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system. During headache-free periods, migraineurs have a reduction in sympathetic function compared to nonmigraineurs. Sympathetic nervous system dysfunction is also the major feature of rare neurological disorders such as pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy. There are no known reports in the medical literature, however, comparing sympathetic nervous system function in individuals with migraine, pure autonomic failure, and multiple system

Blood samples were collected with a “tail-nick” directly before (t0) and after the FST (t5, t20, t35, t65, and t125). In a subset of animals, the 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY 100.635 was administered 30 minutes prior to the FST to assess whether the role of 5-HT1A receptors in the CORT response was changed by PNS. Both PNS and WAY 100.635 had a significant main effect on CORT levels after FST (RM ANOVA, F5,36=3.2, p0.004, figure 4A and 4B), but not at any other time point. Compared to the experiment without WAY 100.635, CORT levels were increased in the WAY experiment at t0, t5 t20 and t120 in both control and PNS animals (RM ANOVA, F1,40=45, p0.05), and the CORT responses to WAY was qualitatively similar to that in absence of 5-HT1A blockade in controls and PNS animals.