Ptsd Bibliography

"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder." Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Nebraska Department of Veterans' Affairs, 2007. Web. 07 Apr. 2014.

Bennett, PhD; Hilary J. Liberty, Ph 2013 107). Prior research has evaluated the prevalence of MH concerns and opportunities for treatment at various points in the military/veteran career including post deployment, among those being treated at Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities, and in the general population) (Andrew Golub, PhD; Peter Vazan, PhD; Alexander S. Bennett, PhD; Hilary J. Liberty, Ph 2013 107). The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data indicate that a substantial portion of young veterans in the general population have substance use disorder (18%) or Serious Psychological Distress (SPD) (14%) (Andrew Golub, PhD; Peter Vazan, PhD; Alexander S. Bennett, PhD; Hilary J. Liberty, Ph 2013 111). All in all, the NSDUH proved to be an extremely valuable resource for this study, and indeed, the results of this analysis for unmet treatment needs have identified important directions for further research into reasons for not getting treatment, especially for SPD (Andrew Golub, PhD; Peter Vazan, PhD; Alexander S. Bennett, PhD; Hilary J. Liberty, Ph 2013 113). The Veterans Administration and National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) are taking steps in the right direction to help our veterans with their unmet needs with substance abuse and PTSD. Some examples of improvements are, better mental health evaluations before leaving active duty, more information about military service, and tracking trends among veterans in the general population, who are not necessarily in contact with the

The VA runs the largest substance use disorder treatment program in the world. Treatment of veterans with SUDs and co-occurring psychiatric disorders is one of the following three paradigms; parallel, sequential, and integrated. Most VA programs are parallel, where the patient receives treatment for SUD in one program and treatment for PTSD in another. Many SUD-PTSD veterans may be unable to navigate the separate systems or make sense of the disparate messages about PTSD treatment and recovery. One challenge to dissemination and implementation of EBTs is that of dual disorders, particularly SUD and PTSD. These patients use costly inpatient services, tend to have frequent relapses, and are less likely to adhere to or complete treatment.

Post World War II New York City was faced with a major heroin epidemic with over 151,000 names listed in the Narcotics Register (Herman). As a medical response, methadone was developed to treat heroin addiction (Herman). Today methadone maintenance treatment has grown to become a popular therapy for drug addiction as well as pain management. Methadone has helped many people to create new lives for themselves, yet there is still debate over the success of this program. Methadone assisted treatment should be seen as an effective program in combating opioid addiction due to its health and social benefits for both users and the community.

Article Citation: Bernhardt, A. (2009). Rising to the challenge of treating OEF/OIF veterans with co‐occurring PTSD and substance abuse. Smith College Studies in Social Work, 79(3-4), 344-367.

Each of these veterans carry the physical and emotional scars of war. Most of these veterans have some form of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) or some level of Psychophysiological Pain. The current Veterans Affairs (VA) system is limited to treating these symptoms with opioids or moderately effective mental therapy. 34 Much of the opioid use leads to addiction, overdose, or even suicide. 35 Many veterans that have begun using marijuana, under the threat of losing all of their VA benefits, have reported marijuana is a much more effective, and less addictive, treatment in coping with nightmares, flashbacks, depression, and pain. 36 According to the VA approximately 31% of Vietnam Veterans, 10% of Gulf War Veterans, 11% of Afghan War Veterans, and 21% of Iraq War Veterans suffer from PTSD. 37 According to other reports, some 22 veterans commit suicide per day due to PTSD or pain. 38

Abuse is a pattern of substance use that results in negative consequences and impairment (Bukstein and Nquyen). Misuse is the use for a purpose not consistent with medical guidelines or without a prescription for the individual using the medication (Bukstein and Nquyen). Abuse of prescription opioids has been cited as the fastest growing drug problem in the United States, and has surpassed the use of cocaine and heroin combined as a cause of mortality (Singhal ). In 2013 alone, nearly two million Americans abused prescription opioids and 16,235 deaths were caused by prescription opioids representing almost a fourfold increase since 1999 (Singhal ). Two million people reported using

Objective: This study compared the effectiveness of methadone, Subutex, and Suboxone in reducing illicit drug use during treatment for opioid dependency and retaining patients for the duration of treatment.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is described as a type of anxiety disorder that can occur after experiencing a traumatic event that causes extreme emotional trauma. This emotional trauma is more often than not contributed to a fear of injury or death to either oneself or others. It is currently projected that one in three returning military service members will suffer from PTSD. Along with the rise in PTSD the suicide rate for military service members and veterans has increased astronomically with an average of 22 suicides per day. With so many of the nation’s veterans suffering from this disorder it has become the center for research and studies within the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA). The focal point of this research being how to improve PTSD sufferer’s quality of life and if it is possible to prevent PTSD altogether.

The opioid war can be resolved through the combination of counseling and extended addiction services for individual treatment plans. The program at Center for Behavioral Health Elizabethtown provides counseling and intensive therapy both during the addiction process and for up to a year for all patients after leaving the program (Zsigray 4). The treatment of the addict, and the mental illness and emotional disorders attached to addiction, can fix the epidemic. Patients who treat the addiction by use of corrective therapy are more likely to stay clean than patients who do not (Zsigray 3). Therapy and counseling are a vital part of the recovery process.

Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as a psychiatric disorder that creates impairments in occupational, interpersonal, and social functioning. Although there are several treatment processes for veterans suffering from this condition, some intervention may fail to generate desired results. Veterans who fail to show appropriate recovery should be supported with an alternative treatment plan (Aurora et al., 2010). Veterans develop the condition because of exposure to traumatizing

This disorder leads the veterans to substance abuse to calm their nerves and help them feel more at ease. The substance abuse, in turn, leads the veterans to be more hostile, aggressive, and violent to those people around them, especially their families. A study found in The American Journal of Psychiatry revealed, "Increases in alcohol and substance abuse closely paralleled the increase in PTSD symptoms seen in the period during and immediately after the war. Patients reported that alcohol, heroin, marijuana, opiates, and benzodiazepines (but not cocaine) were beneficial for their symptoms of

Out of the 60 participants 14 were women, 42 came from treatment settings, 18 came from criminal justice settings and 5 did not attend the follow-up 6-month interview. During the 6-month treatment trial, 95% of the participants used opioids on one or more occasions while the other 5% reported completely refraining from using opioids during treatment. The average frequency of opioid use was 24 days during the entire 6-month period. The overall frequency of opioid use was reduced from an average of 2.4 (using the 0-3 frequency scale) before Naltrexone implantation to 0.9 after 6 months of treatment. Heroin was the most commonly used opioid among the 60

Chakravarthy, B., Shah, S., & Lotfipour, S. (2012). Prescription drug monitoring programs and other interventions to combat prescription opioid abuse. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine. 13(5): 422-425.

Opiate addiction is an intricate part of the history here in the United States and globally. It is a cycle of abuse, misinformation, medical discovery, pain, and death that spans generations. While many naively believe that this type of addiction is unique to the late 20th and 21st century, it is one that our ancestors battled. Among laymen and physicians, there is a mixture of misunderstanding about what this type of addiction is and how it, not only, stems from the nature of opiates but the psychological factors behind this type of disease. Opioid and Heroin addiction are treatable with a combination of chemical treatment and counseling. Having worked in a Methadone clinic that specialized in this specific combination treatment that required