Public Administrators and Media Essay

West Nile Virus has emerged in recent years throughout the temporate zones of Europe and North America. Causing a variety of conditions in its hosts, the most serious manifestation of WN virus infection is fatal encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) in humans and horses, and many birds.

West Nile Virus was first isolated in West Nile District of Uganda in 1937. In 1950’s, there was an outbreak of West Nile Virus in Egypt and Israel. (Tortora, Funke. Case, 2010, p 223) About 50% of children in Egypt have West Nile Virus. It is also common in the Middle East, where some suggest that Alexander the Great died from WNE. Moreover, its effect is also in Asia and Africa. The first case of West Nile Virus in the United States was 1999 and was implicated by several

West Nile Virus is deadly enough to have health officials in Florida on edge as cases of the blood born pathogen emerge in startling numbers. According to the Florida Health Department’s

Recent research shows that being bitten by a mosquito that transmits the West Nile virus (WNV) can cost the government millions of dollars in terms of hospitalization, medications, follow-up visits, and lost work. After examining more than 37,000 WNV infections reported to the CDC (1999-2012), investigators found more than 18,000 patients were hospitalized and more than 1,500 people died from the disease. More than 16,000 individuals developed complications, such as neurologic sequelae, of which elderly patients were at high risk for severe complications. However, CDC reports that the number of patients affected by the disease may be more than the actual cases reported since 1999. Furthermore, the researchers believe that the costs calculated may have been underestimated since most of these were based on initial costs incurred

W. C., . . . Petersen, L. R. (2003). Transmission of west nile virus from an organ

West Nile virus can infect humans, but there are more drastic ways that it affects our lives. The virus normally lives in birds and is transmitted among them and other animals by mosquitoes. There is no other definite method of transmission, and people do not have to worry about contracting the virus through contact with infected humans or animals. Hundreds of species of birds and many mammals, including several endangered species, are vulnerable to the virus. Many domestic animals are also susceptible, but the virus does not create any symptoms in most of them. There is no way of getting rid of the virus once an animal has been infected, but a vaccine for horses has

Have you ever heard of a killer mosquito? In Alicia Campbell and H. Michael Dreher’s article, “A New Transcontinental Disease: The West Nile Virus,” they describe the virus’s origination, transmission, symptoms, treatment, how to avoid it, and the danger. The article was published in June of 2002 in Medsburg Nursing Journal, because the virus is growing rapidly throughout America. The virus first hit United States in New York in 1999, infecting sixty-two people. The authors inform us that it is still a mystery how the virus came to America. One thing is for sure, mosquitoes carry the virus, and they are responsible for the infections in humans.

The purpose of this essay is to discuss the public interest and the administrative responsibility. Discuss some of the recent ethical obligations confronting public administrators in their day to day decision making. Also we will examine the recent trend in privatizing government functions. Finally, we will discuss if privatizing posses any type of dilemma’s for the attainment of public interest.

       The death of Princess Diana on August 31, 1997 shocked the world; her death was

The rare tropical virus has been prompting a worldwide concern lately. A number of cases has been increasing and not much has been done to protect our citizens. The Zika Virus is an epidemic on delay, with the worst of the outbreak’s effects trailing in the wake of the mosquitoes that carry the virus. The Zika is mosquito borne virus that has spread rapidly across the world such as the warm parts of Latin America, from Brazil to Mexico and even Puerto Rico. [World Health Organization (WHO), 2016] The Zika virus is transmitted to humans by the same type of mosquito, Aedes that transmits dengue and chikungunya viruses. (Researchers say Aedes aegypti is the main transmitter of the Zika virus, but there are other types of mosquitoes may be

According to World Health Organization, “Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus” (2016). People who live in or travel to Africa, South and Central America, and Southeast Asia have a risk of infection the disease. Other high-risk people are children, pregnant women, and people with compromised immune systems. World Health Organization (2009) explains that “more than 70% of the population at risk for dengue worldwide live in member states of the WHO South-East Asia Region and Western Pacific Region, which bear nearly 75% of the current global disease burden due to dengue” (p. 4). World Health Organization (2009) shows that a total of 4,332,731 cases of dengue was notified in more than 30 countries of the Americas from 2001 to

Mosquitoes are significant groups of arthropods that inhabit aquatic habitats. They are probably adverse arthropods, which transmits wide range of pathogens that cause drastic deadly diseases such as human malaria, dengue, filariasis, viral encephalitis (Leopoldo 2008). Zika virus, another mosquitoe borne infection was first reported in Brazil by Pan American Health Organization in 2015. After the identification, the Zika virus has spread tremendously all around America. The illness begins with mild symptoms lasting up to a week after being bitten by vector mosquito. However, an infection during pregnancy may cause certain neurological anomalies like microcephaly and several other brain defects (Plourde & Bloch 2016).Thus control of mosquitoes becomes the need of the hour to prevent wide epidemic infections. However, it is difficult to control and prevent severe consequences created by mosquito species (Aneesh 2009).

Climate change, natural disasters, and international travel have contributed to the development and rapid transmission of several infectious diseases. One of the many infectious diseases is West Nile Virus, which wasn’t introduced into the U.S population until 1999 (NRDC, nd). In the year 2005, there were over 16,000 cases of West Nile virus in the United States reported (NRDC, nd) and the disease continues to spread nation wide. West Nile is an infectious disease that is spread to a host by a vector – a mosquito bite. Mosquitoes thrive and are high in population in areas that contain water, extreme temperatures, and humid weather. Local governments have created preparedness strategies to combat infectious vector-borne diseases during times of climate change such as increasing disease surveillance, increasing outreach education, and heightening the response when a disease outbreak occurs (NRDC, nd).

When you think of a dangerous animal, what do you see? Maybe a tiger, a lion, or even the fearsome serrated teeth of a great white shark. Well the animal I have in mind can fly at a whopping 1.5 miles an hour and suck your blood from its tiny mouth. Killing up to one million people per year, the most dangerous animal in the world is in fact the mosquito. Everyone can recall a negative memory associated with mosquitoes. Whether you were bitten in an awkward spot or became victim of a mosquito buffet, we can all agree mosquitoes are a nuisance. It’s important that we acknowledge the fact that, for the most part, we don’t have to worry about debilitating illnesses as a result of mosquito bites. In many developing countries all around the world, what we consider an annoying itch is often times a death sentence for weak, malnourished people. Spreading disease such as dengue fever, West Nile virus, yellow fever, and Malaria, mosquitoes are a vessel of disease that needs to be eradicated. While efforts to vaccinate and treat mosquito-borne illnesses have been developing in areas such as Africa, due to the poor third world state of most of these countries, vaccinating and treating everyone is a logistical nightmare. To truly end the suffering of millions of people worldwide, we must address the root of the problem.

Discuss the media’s responsibilities when it comes to reporting on Indigenous citizens or minority ethnic groups. Taking into account both journalism’s “fourth estate” function and its privileged position in the public sphere, consider why the issue of setting guidelines for “race reporting” is an often divisive one. Be sure to refer to the readings set for relevant topics. llustrate your discussion with references to specific cases where relevant.