Public Health In The Early 1970's

Over the recent decades, global health efforts have contributed to large reduction in mortality rates in low and middle income countries. While there has been profound achievements in the global health, there is still much more to achieve with the growing globalization. Globalization is changing the way that states must protect and promote health in response to the growing number of health hazards that increasingly cross national boundaries (Lee, Ingram, Lock & McInnes, 2007). Beaglehole & Bonita (2010) defined that “global health is collaborative trans-national research and action for promoting health for all.”

William Beveridge was a man whom was asked by government to write a report on the best and most effective ways to help those on low incomes. This was after the Second World War when people felt they needed rewarding, which the government responded to by promising to create a more equal society. In Beveridge’s report in December 1942, he proposed that all people of a working age should contribute, which would benefit people who were sick, unemployed, retired, or widowed.

Satisfying these conditions requires creating partnerships with local health stakeholders to generate sustainable health services and long-term medical records. A primary strategy of prioritizing treatment for acute sicknesses and infectious diseases over chronic and non-infectious cases in the interim should be utilized. Basic medical screening will permit monitoring of potential epidemiological and nutritional issues, and can permit capacity building for early detection of outbreak and enabling rapid responses. Linking health interventions to DDR can take the form of many types of programming. Therefore choice of programs should be based off an analysis of the political and legal arrangements of peace protocols, and the specific nature of the conditions on the ground. Local health sectors should be represented in all established programs to oversee the health intervention from the earliest possible stage. Including and utilizing local health care providers can ensure that local public health concerns are taken into account when key planning decisions are made.

Dominique Robert’s (2008) theoretical framework in the article “Prison and/as Public Health. Prison and Inmates as Vectors of Health in the New Public Health Era. The Case of Canadian Penitentiaries” focuses on structural elements that explain the use of correctional health care in the prison setting today and how this plays a role in the broader public health strategies in the outside community. He does this by explaining factors such as “the mobilisation of prison as a tool for the new public health” and "the production of inmates into healthcare ‘consumers’, along with the role of actuarial justice.”

Public health strategies and interventions have changed drastically over time. Bloodletting is one of the most ancient forms of medical interventions. It originated in the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Greece, persisting through the Medieval, Renaissance, and Enlightenment periods (PBS). Doctors used the bloodletting method for every ailment imaginable; from pneumonia, bone fractures, and even wounds, bloodletting was as trusted and popular as aspirin is today.

Public health means so many things, in the past it was called “health for the poor”, “washing your hands”, and taking care of “vulnerable populations” (Riegelman & Kirkwood, 2015 p. 4). In essence those are good definitions, but it is more than that definitions, public health is considered a

Public Health interventions and strategies changed greatly over time. During 19th and 20th century lead to concentrate on public health more closely due to epidemic battles of diseases and population growth. Epidemic outbreaks of typhoid, small pox, polio, influenza, cholera and other diseases caused city and public to awaken and educate on health information. (Chicago history case study, November 30, 2006, https://www.uic.edu/sph/prepare/courses/PHLearning/resources/chicagohistory.htm.). Sanitation, pasteurization, vaccinations were introduced along with board of public health department being introduced in government. (Rauner, Bruce. Public Health in Illinois. http://www.idph.state.il.us/timeline/history2000.htm). Mortality rate that

The late nineteenth century saw a tide of immigrants entering the American borders who were no longer considered an effective work force. Rather, these newcomers were perceived as threats to the American population as they were considered responsible depleting jobs, housing, and other resources. With the simultaneous rise of insane asylums, professionals increasingly targeted mentally ill immigrants as scapegoats for larger social and economic problems. This paper attempts to examine the manner in which professionals used the language of mental illness to redefine immigrants as threats to national prosperity, thereby lending “scientific” support to deportation policies that jeopardized both the place of immigrants in American society and, unintentionally, the nation’s economy.

During the 1960s, health care was one of the fastest-growing industries. Medically helping people was a the primary motivator of medical practitioners, but the increasing salaries was another. In 1969 the average net salary for a medical practitioner was $32,000. Thus, thanks to money motivation in the 1960s, the medical field rapidly expanded with new innovations and technology in order to help people. The decade was an important time in the medical field, and the benefits grew parallel with the costs.

In 1864, a medical officer found that at any given time, one in three cases of sickness within the British army was caused by a sexually transmitted disease, likely contracted from prostitutes. This led to the enactment of the euphemistic ‘Contagious Disease Act’ which allowed any woman perceived by police to be a prostitute, within a ten-mile radius of a garrison town, to be forcibly detained and examined for evidence of a venereal disease. If such a woman were found guilty; she could be locked in hospital for up to a year to receive compulsory vaginal examinations as well as lessons in morality because she was considered a ‘fallen’ woman. This approach would be sexist and cruel if enacted today but at the time it seemed to be the clearest and least jarring method of managing sexually transmitted diseases, by sterilising the environment in which they fester. Sexually transmitted diseases were such an important public health issue for Britain that

he eighteenth century focused all health promotion and disease control on shipping ports and passengers (Williams & Torrens, 2008). All ships would be inspected while passengers were quarantined until they healed or died. The public's health was limited to the cities with shipping ports.

According to a report published by John Hopkins University the major cause of deaths in emergency and post-conflict situations are those caused by outbreaks of disease. These outbreaks are reported to raise baseline death rates "sixty times." ( ) The primary killers in complex emergencies over the past ten years are reported as "malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, and pneumonia with TB and HIV/AIDS gaining increasing attention more recently." ( ) It is additionally reported that more than 40% of deaths during the acute emergency stage in camp situations result from diarrhoeal diseases and that 80% of these are among children less than two years of age.

Specifically, the resources attributed to healthcare and infectious disease control, particularly in developing countries is limited, and as a result this could make a healthcare-based response illequipped to handle the substantial scope of an outbreak, allowing the disease and its security consequences to spread. Therefore, NGOs and affected states have a strong interest in declaring an outbreak a security issue as it creates a justification for the channelling of resources, awareness and capacity to tackle the disease that otherwise would not be available under traditional healthcare and humanitarian budgets. A key critique levied against the WHO in its failures in West Africa were linked to the substantial recent reduction in funding. Securitisation not only mobilises state resources, but also raises awareness and investment from the population of the securitising nation, as said by political journalist Barton Gellman in relation to the global AIDs epidemic, “when the rich lose the fear, they are not willing to invest in the problems of the poor”. Thus is arguably in the interests of states, NGOs and the international system as a whole to securitise infectious disease outbreaks, as it addresses appropriately addresses the significant risks created by an outbreak in today’s world, while also mobilising the substantial capacity required to fully and effectively contain an outbreak.

In a medically savaged developing country when there is a sudden influx of scarce resources, whom of the inflicted and in need shall be the beneficiary? The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care....” (Skolnik, 2016). Poverty stricken countries caught up in a labyrinth of illness are unable to deliver the correct care their inhabitants necessitate. Richard Skolnik in “Global Health 101” identifies four basic ethical principles underlying most scarce resource allocation schemes as: 1) health maximization; 2) equality; 3) priority to the worst off and 4) personal responsibility.

Public health is a huge umbrella term that represent population and within that population is a community. Its primary focus is on population and prevention of diseases and creating healthy communities nationally. It incorporates social, physical, and cultural environments to assist people and their communities (Public Health and Medicine, 2016).