Public Health Intervention

The “Truth” intervention was a mass media public health initiative that aimed at revealing truths untold by the cigarette manufacturers and was specifically initiated by the American Legacy Foundation. In its most basic form it can be described as an antismoking campaign that mostly targeted young people and thoroughly deglamorized the smoking behavior. Through the television campaigns, the intervention highlighted several things that concerned effects of smoking behavior not only to the young people but also to the adults because it was using the mass media. Firstly, it openly laid out both the short and long term effects of smoking habit and tinted smoking as undesirable

PM10 is an inhalable particles with the diameters is generally 10 micrometers and smaller. It comes with many types and shapes and can be made up of hundreds of different chemicals. Mostly, these particles are emitted from the reactions of sulfur dioxides and nitrogen dioxides, which are emitted from industries, automobiles and power

Furthermore, as it relates to interpretations, it is helpful if the leader generates multiple interpretations because having only one interpretation of the situation makes the options for action severely limited. The key to success in developing interpretations is to generate a diversity because adaptive work involves orchestrating multiple and passionately held points of view.

Air pollution is the result of many human activities- burning fossil fuels, agriculture and industry all contribute to polluting the air we breathe. Human actions are damaging the Earth’s atmosphere; but pollution not only harms the environment, it also damages our health. According to the World Health Organization, 1.2 million deaths each year are caused by air pollution. Because of the risks associated with air pollution, we should all be aware of the pollutants and polluters in our communities.

Among all the air pollutants in ambient air, PM affects more people than any other pollutant. The effects of PM on the public health occur at experienced levels of exposure currently by most urban and rural inhabitants in both developed and developing countries. (Bhola Gurjar, 2010) The major toxic elements of PM included sulfates, nitrates; ammonia, sodium chloride, and carbon, mineral organic and inorganic substances are inhaled toxic air with every breath. Chronic exposure of these particles can increase the chances for the public to develop the following medical issues:

Developed determinants of susceptibility are just as dangerous, if not more, as innate determinants of susceptibility. When groups with preexisting respiratory diseases — including chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or asthma — inhale fine particulate matter, it irritates and inflames the lungs and airways (“Air pollution and asthma”, 2015). This makes deep breathing difficult and forces the lungs and associated breathing muscles to work harder and faster in order to provide the body and its tissues with adequate amounts of oxygen to function normally. When groups with preexisting cardiovascular diseases — including hypertension, heart failure, coronary heart disease, or stroke — inhale fine particulate matter, it inflames the heart, arteries, and other vessels (“Air Pollution and Heart Disease,” 2016). This significantly increases the risk of stroke, arrhythmias, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure. PM2.5 also plays a role in causing plaques in vessels to rupture which can trigger a heart attack. Since the heart has inefficient functioning due to the increased demand and workload that air pollution presents to it, it must pump harder and faster in order to provide the body and its tissues with adequate perfusion of blood to function normally. According to Rajagopalan (2012), diabetic patients have previously been shown to be more susceptible to air pollution-induced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality because fine particulate matter decreases vascular

Particulate matter (PM) aggravates asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, heart disease, and lung disease. PM is a carrier of many toxic compounds and contributes to haze. On top of that, it pollutes fresh and coastal waters, and contaminates farmland. PM is emitted mainly from diesel vehicles and is formed from reactions between nitrous oxides and sulfur oxides. (“Alternative”)

In recent years, air pollution has become a growing problem in China (Zhang, Chao). According to the newly released scientific paper by Dan Levin, “Outdoor air pollution contributes to the deaths of an estimated 1.6 million people in China every year, or about 4,400 people a day” (Levin, Dan). Essentially, air is a major part of our overall health. However, people (including ourselves), especially living in developed countries, suffer from the exposure of air pollution. This potentially puts our health at risk. It causes various negative effects to our body that in worst cases leads to death. Air pollution affects our health in multiple ways; as it varies from minimal to serious problems. The air pollutants have negative effects on our cardiovascular system, causing many fatalities as well as diseases to those specifically in China. People can protect themselves from the suffrage of cardiovascular diseases by being cautious with what they are surrounded by.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined particulate matter (PM2.5), as an outdoor air pollutant. Also known as air pollution, aerosols, and “fine” particulate matter, PM2.5 has emerged as one of the most significant environmental and public health concerns over the past several decades. PM2.5 has revealed to hold detrimental affects on human health and is attributable to over 130,0000 deaths annually according to 2005 air quality levels (Hoek et al. 2013; CDC). The processes of economic development, urbanization, energy production, and consumption, and transportation have been the primary driving forces of PM2.5. (EPA; Huang et al, 2014)

Health effects of the Airborne Particulates depends on size of the particle which ranges from 1-5µm.Particulates with stated diameter cause the maximum health risk as they penetrates into low airways causing astma or pneumonial failure,while larger particles are easily stopped with musoca in the nose,mouth and nose.

PM2.5 fine inhalable combustion particles connecting this to serious health problem including cardiovascular disease, aggravation of respiratory and premature deaths. PM10 standard to protection against the effect of dust, pollen, mold, etc. exposure to coarse particles (epa.gov). 1) Primary standard (health-based) and secondary-standard (welfare-based) protect public health with an adequate margin of safety, including the health of at-risk population/pre-existing condition. 2) Secondary standard (welfare-based) protection public welfare (the state of doing well) from adverse effects, including visibility impairment and known or anticipated on the environment.

The aerodynamic properties of particles determine how they are transported in air and how they can be removed from it. These properties also govern how far they get into the air passages of the respiratory system. Additionally, they provide information on the chemical composition and the sources of particles. Particles have irregular shapes and their aerodynamic behaviour is expressed in terms of the diameter of an idealised sphere. The sampling and description of particles is based on this aerodynamic diameter, which is usually simply referred to as ‘particle size’. Particles having the same aerodynamic diameter may have different dimensions and shapes. Some airborne particles are over 10,000 times bigger than others in terms of aerodynamic diameter.

The report also proposes the recommendations regarding to the self-protection, including the introduction of 3M masks or new nanofiber masks, the promotion of taking antioxidant-containing drinks or food, the intake of micronutrients and strengthening the air quality monitoring system. Although all strategies are based on the accessibility and cost-effectiveness, there are limitations coming along with the

PM10 are particulate matter of less than 10 millionth of a metre (10 micrometers or 10 um) in diameter. These particles has the greatest potential to reach the furthest parts of the lungs. It has a very complex chemical composition. 40-50% of the chemicals found in PM10 are soluble in water such as sulphates, nitrates, chlorides and ammonium compounds. The remainders of the chemicals found in PM10 are composed of insoluble carbons or minerals from soil. They come from road dust, vehicle exhausts, coal combustions, etc.

The World Health Organization estimates that about two million people die prematurely every year as a result of air pollution, while many more suffer from breathing ailments, heart disease, lung infections and even cancer.Fine particles or microscopic dust from coal or wood fires and unfiltered diesel engines are rated as one of the most lethal forms or air pollution caused by industry, transport, household heating, cooking and ageing coal or oil-fired power stations.