Public Opinion Controversy

This time in history was a very pivotal point in journalism expression, many journalists used this trial to express themselves and ideas that would normally not expressed.

In late 19th century Paris, cafés-concerts (best described as “glorified beer halls” (Clark 206)) were a very popular destination for the people of Paris. Cafés-concerts became an integral part of Parisian social life, as they were visited by hundreds of people each night, regardless of class. A bar at the Folies Bergère became the topic of Edouard Manet’s last painting, as Manet tried to portray the new, “modern” Paris, and the introduction of mass production during this time. A Marxist art historian, T.J. Clark finds this particular painting important because it revealed a lot about the new, modern Paris, and Manet’s intentions with the painting. Clark focuses more on the emergence of the new social class during this time, and how this affected the role of women in Paris. The painting, A bar at Folies Bergère, has historical significance because of how it depicts modernity in the context of the emergence of a new social class (the petite bourgeoisie), the introduction of mass production, and the changing role of women.

Through the study of the records of courts, both secular and ecclesiastical, which exists in thousands of European and American archives and libraries, a patient and careful researcher can reconstruct particular images of “the world we have lost” and of the people who inhabited that world. From this vast, largely untapped repository of judicial records, Gene Brucker uses the notarial protocols of Ser Filippo Mazzei, which contains the transcripts of the litigation in the archiepiscopal court and the catasto records, which provides information about Florentine households, to piece together the dossier of Giovanni and Lusanna. The story of Giovanni and Lusanna explores the love and marriage in renaissance Florence and uncovers the gradation of the city’s social hierarchy and the role of women in society.

← Doyle, William. The French Revolution: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. 2001

One can learn an ample amount about historical figures through the written works of historians; however, in order to truly understand historical events one must analyze a primary source on their related topic. This is the same for Guillaume-Chretien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes, who was an influential lawyer during the French Revolution. One primary document that explores in depth the experiences of Malesherbes is The Life of Lamoignon Malesherbes written by Edward Mangin and Jean Delisle de Sales. Published in 1814, this document can be trusted as an accurate analysis of Malesherbes’s life as it was published only 20 years after his death. Also to further support this claim both Sales (1741-1816) and Mangin (1772-1852) were alive during the time of Malesherbes. Sales was an established French polygraph and philosopher who is most notably known for The Philosophy of Nature: Treatise on Human Moral Nature, and by 1794 he began to pity for royalists and as a result was arrested for publishing anti-revolutionary work. While Mangin was not as well known as Sales, he held a college degree and published a wide range of credited works. The purpose of this biography was to portray the true life of Malesherbes, which may have been tainted by being sentenced to the guillotine in 1794. While The Life of Lamoignon Malesherbes covers a wide array of events throughout his life, one can indirectly learn that Malesherbes was much more than another victim of the reign of terror, but a

During the nineteenth century, Paris further developed into the entertainment capital of the world. Alistair Horne, the author of the Seven Ages of Paris, vividly illustrates several historical moments that occurred in Paris. Through the horrors and triumphs, Paris was able to endure through it all for ages and still emerge greater than before. In comparison, Vanessa R. Schwartz, the author of Spectacular Realities: Early Mass Culture in Fin-de-siècle, demonstrates how the explosive popularity of the boulevard, the newspapers, wax museums, panoramas, and early cinema led to the creation of a new culture in Paris. Driven by consumerism, a cultural revolution was happening, who’s new culture transcended gender and class divisions. Both authors

The Tale of Martin Guerre has been retold throughout history in the forms of; a play, movie and a book. What makes this story so interesting is due to the fact that it stems from a real-life peasant court case which occurred in the 16th century. In the case, a man by the name of Arnaud du Tilh takes the identity of a middle-class family man by the name of Martin Guerre. He manages to take on the persona of Martin Guerre for a period of three years where he manages to both; increase the Guerre family estate, and father a child with Martin’s wife, Bertrande de Rols. What helped Arnaud steal Martin’s identity was due to the fact that the real Martin Guerre had left his wife and family eight years prior to Arnaud arriving in the French village of Aritigat. Twentieth Century historians Natalie Zemon Davis and Robert Finlay have attempted to provide historical reasoning for why the case of Martin Guerre became so popular. As this essay will show; both historians were constrained to the same archival evidence; however they used different methods of interpretation to come up

A criminal case despite its time period can shock the nation by involving controversial ideas and ideological debates. Although many people might not recall the Angelina Napolitano’s case of 1911, her case became an international sensation in the public arena bringing advocates of every form including race, motherhood and gender. However, in the eyes of the court Napolitano’s case was closed immediately with a guilty sentence to death by hanging. The authors of the case analysis not only wanted to explore the details of the crime but to highlight the profound post-trial reactions. There were many debates on the fairness of her sentence with supporters in Italian communities and women organizations around the world (Dubinsky and Iacovetta 516). The current case analysis will describe the events of the crime and the

The United States has a troubled history of voter suppression. Prior to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, many states used policies such as poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent African Americans from voting. Even after the voting barriers of the Jim Crow era were removed more than 50 years ago, some lawmakers continue to pursue policies that would undermine our nation’s progress.

A glint of good news came to the now-impoverished family when the merchant heard that a ship containing his merchandise had just arrived in port. The merchant was overjoyed and went to claim his wealth, only to find that there had been a legal ordeal and he had, indeed, lost it all. Here, the author tries to illustrate the French government’s inadequacy in meeting the needs of the people. In the 1850s, great minds, including the Swiss/French political philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, were writing that the authority to rule came from the people themselves. Furthermore, philosophers argued that the government’s duty was not to serve their own decadence but rather to serve the people. The French government, being an absolute monarchy, was ruled by only the word of Louis XV, and the royal Bourbon family had a history of ruling to meet their own selfish desires. The French monarchy did not uphold the intrinsic promise and duty of any government to protect, feed, and serve its people. De Beaumont symbolizes this by failing to deliver the goods to the impoverished former merchant. In other words, just like the merchant’s undelivered goods, the

For the Honors Research Paper, I have selected two readings: To Sor Filotea De La Cruz by Sor Juana Ines De La Cruz and Confessions by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. These two powerful readings try to defend themselves against dictatorships and close minded people. I will contrast the readings and compare its similarities.

When analyzing the French Revolution, the idea of political transformation and citizen involvement play a huge role in actually understanding how the revolution altered from enlightened conversations in salons to its completion, resulting from the French “voice” uniting to halt The Terror that Paris had become. Reflecting back on this event, historians still debate on the specific moment this aristocratic revolution of 1789 turned into the blood-bath radical revolution due to the momentum and contingency that each event has on the overall Revolution. The two authors, Jeremy Popkin, and Timothy Tackett, explain their historical opinion on this period of French history, in which both share a similar

“Only it was much hotter, and as if by some miracle each member of the jury, the prosecutor, my lawyer, and some of the reporters too had been provided with straw fans” (88). The consequences of Meursaults’ actions didnt seem to bother him in the courtroom. The heat is the first thing he notices. Here Camus proves that the heat influences his initial concerns. Camus’ diction exalts the importance of the heat in a crucial situation such as a court case.

Post-revolutionary Paris should be an entirely different society than pre-revolutionary Paris. In many ways it is, but the result remains the same: the innocent man is still “proven” guilty. The common people have the power now, but that power does not result in good reasoning. In the socialistic society of Paris, there are two ways to rule. In the first way, the people rule themselves with a mob-like mentality. In the second a ruling elite rises to the top by taking a populist approach and manipulating the people. A

Many Historians have come to the decisive conclusion that the French Revolution, an event that characterises Modern European History, has changed Europe. It was a time period that took place prior to the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte, between 1789 and the late 1970s. it denotes a time period in which the French civilians were aroused unanimously in overturning the traditionalistic “institutions” such as the monarchy and the feudal system. Though the causes of such an event remain inexplicit, intriguing arguments can be drawn in considering an array of reasons that initially sparked it. One plausible assumption has been that it was merely the result of the assumed divine power that King Louis XVI had that ignited the civilians’ revolt. This is particularly acceptable, seeing that this event was draped in the uprooting ideals of Enlightenment. From this pivotal event in Modern History, Historians have gained an insightful scope of not only the evolution of peasantry and lower-societal revolts against an usurping power (i.e nobility) and in some occasions their demise, but have also gained insights into the unnoticed power of the working class. Ultimately the major havoc-inducing factor that led to the crisis of the Ancien Regime can be a derived from a state of hierarchal power. The division of class and the prestigious stance of the nobility helped rouse the