Public Policy Creation

Public policies are choices made by government officials to deal with public policy (Policy & Politics in Nursing & Health Care, 6th edition)

This article provides the audience with an adequately clear and convincing stance to explain what public policy is, and other academic literacy related to public policy, which included some famous theories. The main theme of this article is that public policy is intricate and no scholar can analyze any policies with one particular theory or model. In addition, the author argues that the public policy is multidimensional and it influences every citizen’s life profoundly.

Policymaking is a political process which is affected by various social and economic factors (Hofferbert, 1974) and media systems play an integral role in shaping the social context in which policies are developed. Through the media, citizens learn how government policies will affect them, and governments gain feedback on their policies and programs. Media systems act as the primary channels between those who might want to influence policy and the policymakers '' controlling the scope of political discourse and regulating the flow of information. Textbook policymaking follows an orderly sequence where problems are identified, solutions devised, policies adopted, implemented, and lastly evaluated (Mazamanian & Sabatier, 1989). In reality,

This paper is a review of chapter’s one (1), two (2) and three (3) in Thomas A. Birklands (2016) fourth edition regarding policy process. The reading attempts to define and show what is meant by policy process, how government, politics and the public are intertwined, problems that are associated with the policy process and how we address the problems. Current day events as well as past history are applied to the practice of policy process which assists in defining the process and highlighting its connection and importance. Thomas A. Birklands refers to the Clinton administration, the Obama administration and the George W. Bush administration, the DARE Program, World War II, and the Vietnam War, in the chapters and leads us down a path discussing

In this assignment I am going to analyse how government policies are developed, covering all aspects of the policy making process.

In this paper we will discuss the final stages of how a topic becomes a policy. The paper will discuss formulation, implementation, and the legislation stage. These stages must be done in this order to ensure the policy is being formed the correct way and not scattered around. This paper will also consist of the evaluation stage, analysis stage, and revision stage and describe the purpose and methodologies process for evaluating and revising a public policy.

The public service agencies are organizations that con either be governmental or non-governmental. The agencies are significant in due to the interest they have for the state's citizens. Organizations such as the Agency of International development (USAID), Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the famous American Red Cross, all have different missions, but the agenda of all these organization is to provide service to the citizens. The organizations provide many job opportunities to the citizens, especially positions in the civil service. The agencies are obligated to support people with basic needs including water in case of droughts, electricity to the marginalized. In addition, the organizations provide services like transportation and also aids in communication in case of emerging tragedies, which are inevitable. Special programs are available to assist in the implementation of policies in the agencies, and a critical analysis on the issue of programs is provided in this work. A detailed proposal on public policy is also provided at the end of this paper.

While it may be true that government institutions have the authority to pass a policy, the point often overlooked, is that the people on the political level have the say to whether they agree or disagree to passing a policy. The citizens of the United States lived on the principle that authority of the government is base on the consent of the people. If the consent of governing and participation of the citizens are ignored, we would fail to have a democratic government. People outside of the government are the ones who are expressing their concerns to the government and it is the responsibility of the officials in the government, to take actions of addressing the issues, resolving the issues, and implementing policies that cater to the majority of the people. Interest groups and unions who have the majority support from the citizens can have a stronger leverage in voicing their public opinions through social movements, voting campaigns, and elections that can lead for a policy to be put into place. As a result, executive officials are more likely to seek attention to those with popular support within interest groups or unions as a way to gain popularity in voting’s. Majority vote from the parties and groups have the say to what policy is needed to be address, passed, and implemented into the bill. It is essential that parties, interest groups, and unions are aligned and work together with government officials. Otherwise, if government officials commit tyranny, it could lead for an overthrow of the officials. Regardless of which political level to be the most powerful, it is essential to understand that public policy requires full cooperation and passionate efforts from all levels consisting from governmental, political, and

In this paper I will be discussing how our class came to a consensus on our policy analysis framework. To understand what we are attempting to accomplish, you need to understand the denotation of policy analysis. Policy analysis is a technique used in public administration so individuals can evaluate and scrutinize policies. Policy analysis is not only limited to policy’s that are already enacted, policy analysis can be used to analyze perspective policy’s. There are already a handful of policy analysis frameworks available for use. These include: Chambers 2009, Gilbert and Terrell 2009, Popple and Leighninger 2004, and Dobelstein 2003. Many of the frameworks are heavily influenced by the work of Eveline Burns, who was prevalent in the 1940’s and 1950’s. While these frameworks would have been suitable to use for our analysis our class chose to create our own framework to help with analysis. In these next few paragraphs I will explain how and why we chose what we did.

According to information found on Leginfo.ca.gov, existing laws allows RNs working in primary care clinics to dispense drugs or other devices only upon an order by a physician and surgeon. This law expands the number of practitioners under whose orders an RN may dispense medications to include CNMs, NPs, and PAs (AB 2348 Assembly Bill Bill Analysis). This law was cited on Rand.gov as an improvement to the Affordable Care Act which is a health care reform law passed under President Obama. The goal of the Affordable Care Act was to reduce the amount of uninsured people while improving the quality and affordability of health care across the nation. The Affordable Care Act provides preventive care, including

In the United States, the government and specific interest groups create public policies to solve internal problems and protect their citizens. Public policies can include any action, plan, or rule, which relates to issues of domestic national importance. Once a certain issue becomes a concern for a significant amount of people, it becomes a component of the national agenda, which is what the public wants the government to acknowledge. Many of these problems are addressed because they negatively affect a significant amount of people (Sparknotes: How Policy Gets Made). For the past few years, one of the major issues in the United States is illegal immigration. Unlike today, a person immigrating illegally was not a major issue years ago. Today unfortunately, there are so many illegal immigrants from all over the world that it has become an issue no one can completely control.

Kingdon has identified the problem, policy, and political as the three streams as to where the problems originated (Jansson 2014). The three streams are what finally changed public policy that created the momentum to moved the “government agenda” box to the “decision agenda” box that made it necessary to place an issue on the public policy agenda (John Kingdon’s “Three Streams” 2016). When persuading a policy decision maker to pay attention to one problem over the other is the process of problem stream (Evaluation Based on Theories 2016). How proposals are generated, debated, revised, and adopted for serious consideration is the policy stream process (Evaluation Based on Theories 2016). What influenced the agendas, political climate or mood, and the voices of

Throughout times, democracy has emerged as the best political way to rule a country. Within democratic systems, citizens have to vote for people who will represent them in the decision-making system. The question that John Kingdon wanted to understand in his writing of How Do Issues Get on Public Agendas? is how the legislative process and the public policies are made. John Kingdon well illustrates the processes by which an issue becomes policy issue, named the Cohen-March-Olsen, and the coming together of three processes. In the Cohen-March-Olsen, Kingdon proposed three stream: problem-recognition, policy stream of proposals and political stream.

In spite of the policy cycle tool, it is not as easy to develop or implement new policy as there are many factors influencing it. The process of policy development involves many participants and individual stake holders. It also involves various areas which will be affected due to the new policy development and implementation. According to Hardee, Feranil, Boezwinkle and Clark (2004) policy circle involves six different stages and involves various parties who are working together for the new policy development. However, it is

This has been in my thoughts as I’ve been drafting my way into my own dissertation ideas. My background in critical social studies means I am very familiar with building arguments, so some of this uncertainty is expected. AT the moment, I know enough to say I am on the right track with my research ideas and know that public administration, and public policy in particular, is the right field for me.. However, I also feel rather critical of the policy process literature. It has been claimed, “public administration exists to realize the governance of society” (Raadschelders, 1999, p. 288). Yet, what society believes policy to be, and for whom, changes over time and across place. I feel at this moment public policy in the United States will change dramatically and I worry that our field is ill equipped to deal with these changing views of policy. Consequently, most of my underlying thoughts and reflections have been on understanding how can we adapt to this changing atmosphere.