Public Policy : The United States

The American public policy process is a system that consists of laws, regulatory measures, action items, and funding priorities controlled by the elected representatives. The public policy process system that is in place within the federal government was developed within the framework of the United States Constitution and those with special interests. Within the current system of policy process utilized by the federal government America’s affluent community holds the greatest interests. Over the past 220 years the federal government has fallen to an oligarchy control. An oligarchy is a form of power structure used within governments in which the power effectively remains in control with a small group of people. These people within the power structure may have wealth, family ties, education, corporate ties, or military control. However, throughout the course of history oligarchy are only identified by tyrannical governments that oppress their citizens. Within the United States this level of control is hidden and allows the society to believe they have freedoms and equality.

“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect union…” (Madison 1787) This statement represents that the law and policies that govern a nation should be best suited for the many and opposed to a specific group or set of people. No one political view point or party should be able to dictate policy for the many. Every political group has an agenda and things that their policies should be in place for all, but the truth of the matter is that in order to keep the peace we need to implement policies that may be more liberal but yet more can agree to follow than policies that are specific to a particular party and expect the masses to prescribe to that particular way of thinking. It shouldn’t be said that we do not take other political party’s views into consideration, however no one party should be able to dictate policy for all. Also, there are certain political fashions that will mainly focus on social issues and ignore policies concerning defense, legal, industry, transportation, etc. In order for a government to be effective I think you need a healthy mix of social policy and economic policy, and others. Political parties that focus on just social issues could cause problems because that is not only the focus of a government.

This definition, however, focuses not only on what the government does, but also on what it does not do. Simply put, not all public policy issues are considered or made into laws. Usually, public policy is created when an issue or problem is brought to the attention of the government and the issue is important enough—both to government officials and to the public—to mandate a solution. Issues like the need for Homeland Security are brought about by unforeseen disasters, such as the terrorist attacks of September 11. Others policies are based on research and information from organizations, associations, and ordinary American citizens.

5. This statement means that often time certain -isms, like racism, play a part in deciding what services a family receives. As well, public policy plays a crucial role, such as the case with the increase privatization of social welfare like the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families. In addition, more conservative political leaders want minimal government involvement, thus support a decrease in federal funding for different social welfare programs that benefit at-risk, poorer families. All of the social welfare services require money, thus there needs to be political leaders who wish to support the funding of these organizations.

To examine the effects of public campaign funding on local policy priorities, I need to create a dataset containing variables related to mayoral and city council races. While mayoral election and a strong mayoral system would have the most direct linkage between publicly funded campaigns and policy direction, since the mayor has a significant authority to direct policy initiatives and budget priorities. The results of evaluating mayoral races only, however, produce a small number of observations leading possible biases in the results (Adams, 2007: 189). The inclusion of city council races increases the number of observations for a better sample. By including city councils, the effects of public funding the various government structures--strong

Discuss the stakeholders, organizations and people who are impacted by the public policy as well as how the different levels of government interact as a result of the legislation (federal, state, and local)? Everyone is impacted by the public policy-making, whether it’s federal, state, and local because the results of the decision-making have a major affect of our economic well-being. At the federal level (Executives) interacts with the Congress to get their policy proposal placed on the congressional agenda. At the state level they have their own agenda priorities, and these priorities will affect how states act in the federal system, attempting to influence the federal agenda in pursuit of state-level goals. The emerging literature about states’ impacts on internal and external agendas demonstrates the importance of challenging accepted views of the interactions between federal levels. This process relates the policy stream as it relates to the text, where it states that consists of policy players, either inside or outside the government, would like to secure action. For instant, in the health care area, Senator Ted Kennedy (D. Massachusetts) was active in getting health care reform on the congressional agenda. At the local level they interact with the governor to get their program on the agenda. The Governor interacts with Congress, since all legislation goes through Congress for action. No matter what level of the government, federal, state, or local, they all

Public policy is an essential element of the United States’ government. Congress, the president, the Cabinet, as well as the thousands members of the bureaucracy, all play a crucial role in defining how political decision are made in the United States. Public policy not only shapes the national government, but it also shapes the state and local governments as well. Domestic, foreign, and economic policies are come together to form public policy as a whole and all deal with different issues and problems of the country. However, both the president and Congress both have unique powers and roles that influence public policy in the domestic, foreign, and economic spheres.

Most of the registered NAMAs are related either to energy efficiency solutions or to renewable energy ones. Less has be done for what concerns agriculture and even less if we just look at the livestock sector . Among all the NAMAs submitted before 2013, only six countries have explicitly included livestock as part of their mitigation strategy (Brazil, Chad, Jordan, Madagascar, Mongolia and Swaziland). Of these, only Brazil has submitted a quantitative target . Though, this sector has a large potential to reduce its emissions. The demand for livestock is expected to grow 70 percent by 2050 and this sector can contribute substantially in the international effort of reducing GHG emissions. The livestock sector emits around 7.1 gigatons of carbon

Economists employed by the government are involved in implementing policies, which were especially established to meet government 's objectives that are very often multidimensional. There are four very fundamental objectives for viable economy, including decreasing the unemployment rates in certain regions, lower or stabilise the inflation , constant economic growth and a satisfactory balance of payments position. The UK economy continues to suffer from a number of underlying structural weaknesses. The government is now set on providing the economic framework, which will enhance the opportunity to raise a sustainable rate of economy growth, (Anderton, 2006).

Economists employed by the government are involved in implementing policies, which were especially established to meet government 's objectives that are very often multidimensional. There are four very fundamental objectives for viable economy, including decreasing the unemployment rates in certain regions, lower or stabilise the inflation, constant economic growth and a satisfactory balance of payments position. The UK economy continues to suffer from a number of underlying structural weaknesses. The government is now set on providing the economic framework, which will enhance the opportunity to raise a sustainable rate of economy growth, (Anderton, 2006).

The American people expect that government and government-reliant organizations will protect their interests when there are imminent threats to the well-being of citizens and humanity. In the process of sustaining trust from the general public, stakeholders in government are elected by the people to protect citizen’s interests. An agency that functions in supportive roles, such as, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) have professional rescue and lifesaving

Siting and operation of coal fired power plants in the U.S. today is a clear example of public and corporate policies disproportionately impacting communities of color and communities with low economic or political leverage. As discussed below, all the usual suspects associated with hazardous industrial operations make appearances. Direct toxicity, unexplained health issues, economic penalties, and failing schools (further concentration of low-income and less mobile) ravage the communities unfortunate enough to host these operations.1 Without fully debating here the broader policy questions of whether we should or should not be producing energy in this manner, on this scale, given its well established associated environmental and social costs, one thing is still abundantly clear: When it comes to siting power plants, responsible for tens of thousands of premature deaths and 120,000 cases of aggravated asthma per year 2 , siting is disproportionately located in communities of color and low-income communities.3 Furthermore, that race is found to have a more significant correlation with siting of hazardous installations, such as coal fired power plants, than socioeconomic factors alone4 , seems to further build a watertight case that “the path of least resistance became an expressway leading to the one remaining toxic frontier—people of color communities.”5

3. Public policy: It including various policies at different levels such as local, state, federal policies and law.

Sherri Torjman seems not to answer her own question, “What is Policy” as she skirts articulating any concrete definition of policy as she attempts to explain what it is. She attempts to succinctly describe policy, stating, “At the end of the day, the formulation of public policy involves a process of making good decisions - for the public good” (2005, p. 18) but this is a description of how policy is made and fails to define policy.

A public policy is an activity that has a good combination between politics and administrative activities. The major goal of public administration are established and introduced to political actors. So, a public policy sets the goals for public administration.