Pueblo I-III Material

Pre-Columbian art has many artifact, but one huge thing stood out to me. It was the stela. It a huge stone with details from all around. They were at least 10 feet long. One stela (Guatemala, Piedras Negras Maya, AD 758 Limestone) It had a craving of a ruler middle with his servant beneath him. “This monument celebrates the accession/seating of Ruler 5 of Piedras Negras” (Description). It was very detailed. Other minor thing that stood out were textiles, jewelry, mask, stone figure. One can conclude that pre columdian are very know for their stone

According to the Taos Pueblo website, this mission is called the San Geronimo or St. Jerome, Chapel and was completed in 1850 to replace the original church which was destroyed in the War with Mexico by the U.S. Army in 1847. The ruins of that church that was built in 1619 can still be seen at the pueblo’s graveyard. That church had also been destroyed previously during the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 which was led by the Indians of Taos Pueblo. St. Jerome is the patron saint of Taos Pueblo: The church of the pueblo always sees people taking photographs and sketchers alike it is so beautiful. It is something noticed, but unconsciously, that everything on the pueblo is minimalist. Most are dirt or adobe tile floors. Beautiful and colorful tiles

Although recycling may seem to be a “new: practice in contemporary American culture, Silko describes ancient Pueblo recycling practice- although she never uses the term “recycling.”

Ceramic making is still a popular tradition today in the Americas, especially on Native Indian Reservations, like in Western, North Carolina. The use of ceramics, however, is quite different than the way it was used by the natives during the Middle Woodland Period. Today, pottery is mainly made for decoration or art purposes by modern day Americans, but according to Wallis (2011), about 3,000 years ago the use of pottery became a very common use and practiced tradition among the native people who lived during that time period. The Swift Creek culture and the Cherokee Indians had very similar methods in formulating ceramics. The archaeological findings of these artifacts states that one group had been more advanced designs on their vessels. This reason is most likely because of the materials that one group was able to access in their area that the other group did not have available. One group was also more traditional and spiritual in making their vessels, which caused them to create more complex designs and methods while designing their ceramics (Block 2005). By looking at the similarities of both groups pottery styles, archaeologists were able to determine the minor but very distinctive differences, that one group processed in their art, than the other. By comparing each group’s ceramics by looking at

The Paiutes are a Native American Indian tribe “made up of several bands throughout the western part of the United States, also known as the Great Basin region” (Ruby 222). The Northern Paiutes populated areas of Oregon, California, Nevada, and Idaho; and inquiries as to how the environment might have affected their interactions, migration, and social behavior is a topic of great interest in Oregon archeology. The Northern Paiutes “who practiced the ancestral lifeway well into the 19th century, were heirs to an extremely ancient cultural tradition” (Aikens 13). Historical archeological studies found that these groups often “made tools, gathered plants, and hunted animals of similar if not identical kinds” (Aikens 13). Through these similar identities,

The methods of both hunting and gathering of the Cahuilla Indians are spectacular since most people consider a desert region to be inhospitable. Yet the Cahuilla had an abundance of food by implementing different methods to acquire food. Using both hunting and gathering techniques they were able to successfully plan their life’s out in order to live. They had great organizational and planning skills which were the major reason they were able to live in such a desolate place. Their

The first time I heard about the Mound Builders, which was in this class, these people seemed like a very primitive group. What was so exciting about having the skill of piling up a bunch of dirt. Then I was able to see some of these mounds and the scale was nothing I had imagined. These mounds were huge and also contained distinct structural shapes. Tombs, houses, and religious structures were constructed in or on top of the mounds. What made the edifices even more amazing was the time period they were built. Constructed all the way back to 3000 B.C., the mounds rivaled the most advanced engineering techniques in the world.

American archaeologist and anthropologist, Stephen Plog, wrote an account of the pre-Columbian natives of the Americans titled Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. Plog’s purpose is to communicate the cultural and ritualistic lifestyles of the prehistoric natives of the southwest, which spans across the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada with some mention of trade with Mexico. The author has demonstrated an effective approach of an objective viewpoint on the lives of the prehistoric south westerners using sources from excursions from previous archaeologists such as, Paul S Martin and David R Wilcox among many others who excavated the vacant villages of the southwest.

Haury’s journal article, “Snaketown: 1964-1965,” Snaketown demonstrated an architecture of independent structure, side entered, with a sunken into the desert floor, and covered by a superstructure supported by vertical posts. The posts sloped from the floor’s edge to horizontal stringers. Reeds, brush, and earth covering closed up the house. One hundred sixty-seven separate house floors made up the town. The well-engineered structure indicated a full sedentary lifestyle indicated a full dependence on agriculture with irrigation. (Haury, 2) The Gila River supported their irrigation operation, however, the citizens of Snaketown used shallow wells with in the town for drinking water. The ability of to access drinking water in a desert environment accounted for the location of Snaketown. (Haury, 3) Pits were dug everywhere searching for ground water and used to produce building material for houses such as adobe. These pits were filled with refuse, such as pottery, and allowed for archaeologists to recover cultural material that represented short time spans and phases of pottery production. (Haury,

Around 650 A.D., the Mesa Verdean peoples initiated construction of apartment-style homes, termed by Spanish explorers as pueblos. The Puebloan architecture is original in that it utilized the local stone and mud deposits of the region to maintain the structural integrity of their burgeoning developments. As this community evolved into the twelfth century, Mesa Verdeans further integrated the geology of their environment into their lifestyles by building homes, known as cliff dwellings, within the naturally formed alcoves of Mesa Verde. By the thirteenth century, the Mesa Verdeans vacated this region due to severe droughts and subsequent social instability. Despite the later abandonment of their cliff dwellings, it is clear that the geology of Mesa Verde National Park impacted the lives of the Ancestral Puebloans significantly. The following sections provide detailed information regarding the rock formations that make up the geological

By the late Basketmaker time, pottery was replacing yucca baskets, and the bow and arrow was replacing the atlatl. The lifestyles of the Basketmakers changed slightly as they evolved into the Pueblo period.

The pueblo revolt was something that happened so quickly. The indians felt as if they were being used and decided to rebel against the Spanish. Before the pueblo revolt there was some other issues in history that put the spark in this.

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 is an important event in U.S. history having been the first complete victory for Native Americans against any European nation. One of the major conflicts between the Pueblo Indians and the Spanish colonists was their different religions. Many historians believe that the Pueblo Indians revolted against the Spanish in order to eliminate Catholicism because it was threatening their own beliefs. Many Spanish officials interpret the Pueblo Revolt as being unnecessary and guided by the devil. The continuing study of this historical event will allow current Pueblo villages to learn about their ancestors' history and the major role religion had on the revolt. Further consequences of the Pueblo Revolt was the Spanish setback

The Mandan cultivated their lands and raised crops of corn, beans, sunflowers, squashes, and pumpkins” (Source B). “The Mandan trapped and prepared furs. Tribes that did not grow vegetables often visited… for trade of surplus garden products” (Source D). There were many trade opportunities, as the Mandan men also “...hunted deer and small game and took part in seasonal buffalo hunts” (Source A). A “system of using sign language was developed to facilitate communication between all of the different tribes who inhabited the Great Plains and to facilitate trade with the white trappers and traders” (Source B).

1040-1120. “They are undoubtedly of West Mexican origin (Vargas 1995) and can be dated according to chronology there (Hosler 1994)” (Nelson 2006:249). The copper bells found in Chaco Canyon have a significant different of the interaction directness; this might suggests that these came from many sources. The raw materials for copper bells may have existed at the American Southwest area; however, there is no evidence that native people obtained the metals and made it into objects (Nelson 2006). One thing for sure is the Toltecs are not the source of the copper bells because the copper objects were not manufactured in West Mexico until the Late Post classic, long after the fall of the Toltecs. In fact, “Because copper bells are more common in the Hohokam and Mimbres regions than in Chaco Canyon (Vargas 1995, 2001), Chacoans likely obtained the West Mexican bells through some form of indirect interaction, with people in the southern Southwest serving as intermediaries” (Nelson 2006:360). Sometimes copper bells are considered as the evidence of mercantile exchange; however, they are too infrequent in Chaco Canyon to be considered as a commodity. Similarly with the shell bracelets, they “are not usually considered Mesoamerican artifacts because they abound in the Hohokam region and evidence of their production is found within the region also” (Nelson 2006). Moreover, the Hohokam bracelets have the designs and styles very similar to the Mesoamerican motifs and seems to occur in contexts that contain other Mesoamerican objects. As result, the Chacoans might have obtained the shell bracelets through manufactured and intermediaries from the Hohokam region. One more evidence is the abundance amount of decorated bracelets is in ca. 900-1150, which is the same time with the Hohokam products appeared elsewhere most