Pulmonary Case Study : Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ( Copd ) Essay

| This is important because we need to look at the relevant data and realize that she seems to be in distress and first take care of that. Also realize that she seems to have an infection. With this information we are able to prioritize

The topic is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It is an umbrella term used for respiratory disorders such as chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is a serious condition that restricts airflow to the lungs and is not fully reversible. It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Australia. More than 1 in 20 Australians over 55 have COPD and is also the fifth leading cause of death. There is also a rate of 1,008 per 100,000 of the population aged 55 and over being hospitalized for the condition. The rates among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders compared with non-indigenous Australians are 2.5 times as high (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2016). There is no cure however; the management can slow the disease progression and is therefore crucial to the quality of life of patients.

R.W. appears with progressive difficulty getting his breath while doing simple tasks, and also having difficulty doing any manual work, complains of a cough, fatigue, and weight loss, and has been treated for three respiratory infections a year for the past 3 years. On physical examination, CNP notice clubbing of his fingers, use accessory muscles for respiration, wheezing in the lungs, and hyperresonance on percussion of the lungs, and also pulmonary function studies show an FEV1 of 58%. These all symptoms and history represented here most strongly indicate the probability of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a respiratory disease categorized by chronic airway inflammation, a decrease in lung function over time, and gradual damage in quality of life (Booker, 2014).

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, or COPD, is a relatively common chronic illness that is treatable, however there is currently has no cure. COPD is an illness that encompasses two major illnesses these illnesses are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Both of these illnesses wreak havoc on the lungs of the affected person by causing mucus to build up in the bronchioles henceforth reducing the effectiveness of the alveoli which impairs gas exchange. According to the American Lung Association, “COPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States. More than 11 million people have been diagnosed with COPD, but an estimated 24 million may have the disease without even knowing it” (American Lung Association [ALA], n.d.). As this data from the American Lung Association shows, in the United States alone we may have a total of 35 million people (almost one tenth of the American population) living with COPD. QSEN, which stands for Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, has developed six competencies related to nursing care. These competencies are Patient-Centered Care, Teamwork and Collaboration, Evidence-Based Practice, Quality Improvement, Safety, and Informatics. These aforementioned QSEN competencies break down how nurses should be treating patients and working with the health care team.

COPD is one of the greatest causes of disability and mortality in the twenty first century with future predictions painting an even graver story. Occupation, genome, and primarily smoking are the main causes of COPD. COPD is the third leading cause of death in America, claiming the lives of 134,676 Americans in 2010. Symptoms are typical of a constant smokers cough which progresses into the debilitating palliative stage of the disease; the development of co-morbidities exacerbates these symptoms. COPD has a complex pathophysiology involving hyperinflation, excessive mucus production and airway remodeling; diagnosis is through lung function tests. COPD is poorly managed with few effective treatments and a poor

As you already know, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), manifests itself when the passageway of air to the lungs is severely obstructed, thus preventing sufficient flow of oxygen into the bloodstream.1 The pathophysiology of COPD is a complex process that is the result of multiple airway diseases that simultaneously contribute to the impairment of airflow in the lungs.1 Specifically, the overlapping outcome of chronic bronchitis and emphysema is the pathogenesis of COPD.1 The risk factor for the COPD is influenced by the individual’s genetics, age, gender, exposure to air pollution, socioeconomic status, and the use of tobacco products.1 The use of tobacco products can increase the development of COPD.1 However, individuals that don’t smoke can also attain COPD.1 Therefore, COPD is not exclusive to individuals that smoke on a daily basis.1 In fact, genetics and the natural aging process plays a part in the development of pulmonary issues.1 For example, it has been proven that a deficiency in the alpha -1 antitrypsin gene is correlated with the development of COPD.1 The natural deterioration of lung tissue, coupled with the long term exposure to environmental elements, explains why the risk of attaining COPD increases as one progresses to the latter stages of their lives.1 In a healthy individual, goblet cells secrete about one liter of mucous that provides a moist surface over the lungs, trachea, and esophagus.1 The cilia on the pseuodocolumnar epithelial cells continuously sweep the mucus in the lungs in an upward motion.1 The cilia sweeps the mucosal trapped debris up, and removes pathogens and other foreign particles out the pulmonary tissue.1 In individuals with COPD, the pathogenesis of the disease creates structural modifications of the lung tissue, which result in deformed and nonfunctioning cilia.2 The lack of functioning cilia leads to the buildup of mucous, pathogens, and subsequent respiratory infections.2 Furthermore, the body tries to combat

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major financial burden to our healthcare system. In 2015, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services started imposing a financial penalty for hospitals with excess rates of COPD readmissions. We investigated the effectiveness of a Discharge Checklist in reducing the rates of 30-day readmission in a cohort of high risk patients admitted with COPD exacerbation.

All over the world, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a very significant and prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality, and it is increasing with time (Hurd, 2000; Pauwels, 2000; Petty, 2000). Due to the factor of COPD being an underdiagnosed and undertreated disease, the epidemiology (Pauwels, Rabe, 2004) is about 60 to 85 % with mild or moderate COPD remaining undiagnosed (Miravitlles et al., 2009; Hvidsten et al., 2010).

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease in which less air can flow in and out of the lungs. COPD has two main causes; emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and most patients have elements of both and in some cases asthma. Emphysema is a disease in which the alveoli lose their elastic quality, and the walls between the alveoli are destroyed. In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways becomes irritated and inflamed, which causes the lining to thicken and more mucus than usual forms in the airways, making it difficult to breath. Asthma is a disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disorder characterized by a small airway obstruction and reduction in expiratory flow rate (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). It affects over ten percent of the United States’ population, is the 4th leading cause of death, and costs over $37 billion annually to treat (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). In 2013, 2.8% of every 100,000 diagnosed with COPD, died from chronic bronchitis or emphysema related causes (CDC, 2014). Common risk factors for the development of COPD include smoking, air pollution, chronic respiratory infections, and hyperresponsive airways due to asthma (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Unfortunately, early signs and symptoms of COPD are practically nonexistent. Once a patient starts exhibiting symptoms, the disease has progressed significantly (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Pulmonary function tests are essential to diagnose COPD. Forced vital capacity, or the maximum amount of air exhaled with force, indicates lung size (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) measures the maximum amount of air expired in one second (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). FEV1 and symptoms exhibited are used to stage COPD (Arcangelo & Peterson, 2013). COPD is staged at five levels of severity (Refer to Appendix for severity scale). The severity of COPD is defined by FEV 1 %, or the maximal amount of air forcefully exhaled in one second using spirometry (Timmins, et.al., 2012). Emphysema and chronic

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms of COPD patients are shortness of breath (SOB) that causes limiting of the patient’s activities and lack of energy, hard cough, massive sputum production, blue lips and fingernails (cyanosis), losing weight, fatigue, swelling in feet (edema), and wheezing. COPD is a disease caused by a long history of smoking cigarettes. COPD patients are more at risk for diseases such as heart disease, lung cancer, and other conditions and diseases. The two most common diseases related to COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Tobacco smoking is the main cause of COPD in developed countries because people are close to chemical fumes, dust, and smoke from fuel in poorly ventilated homes. Many

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is an often preventable lung disease; that can be treated but not cured. COPD is an overarching term that includes the progressive lung diseases emphysema, chronic bronchitis, refractory (non-reversible) asthma, and some forms of bronchiectasis (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease [GOLD], 2017, pp. 6-7). According to the Centers for Disease Control [CDC] (2016), as of 2015 over 15 million Americans have COPD; and COPD is the third leading cause of death in the United States. Women are more likely than men to have COPD. People over the age of 65 have the highest incidence

The purpose of this assignment is to address five case studies assigned by the instructor. The case studies include restrictive lung disease, dementia, renal impairment, and osteoporosis, and heart failure. Diagnosis and management of the disease process will be discussed.

In COPD most attention has focused on the chronic obstructive bronchitis with fibrosis and obstruction of small airways, alveolar wall destruction (emphysema) with enlargement of airspaces and destruction of lung parenchyma, loss of lung elasticity and closure of small airways [152].

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) will likely become the third leading cause of death by 2030 according to World Health Organization and continues to be a major cause of disability and rising health care costs worldwide.[1] The total cost of COPD in 2010 was $49.9 billion, including health care expenditures of $29.5 billion in direct health care costs, $8.0 billion in indirect morbidity costs, and $12.4 billion in indirect mortality costs in the United States.[2] These costs were the highest among common lung diseases.