Pulmonary Disease Annotated Bibliography

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2010), as a progressive disease of the lungs characterised by airflow obstructions, which complicate the process of breathing. Bellamy and Booker (2004) describe COPD as not being one singular disease but instead being an umbrella term to include other chronic lung diseases within its diagnosis: these include emphysema (which affects the alveoli) and chronic bronchitis (which affects the bronchi). This assignment will take a deeper look into how COPD affects Mr Bright’s life (Appendix 1), particularly how the patient’s breathlessness affects his physical, mental and social wellbeing in his everyday life. This will be followed up by an evidence-based

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death in the United States. The disease affects more than 11 million individuals, and there is currently no cure for COPD. It is defined as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lungs that is mainly caused by smoking. COPD changes the normal function of the lungs. A patient with COPD has less air flowing in and out of the airways. These individuals also use most of their energies in breathing since it is harder for them to get oxygen. The airways of individuals with COPD are clogged with mucus which decreases their ability to eliminate carbon dioxide and bring oxygen inside the body.

What exactly is COPD? First of all, COPD stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It’s a disease that gets worse over time and makes it difficult for one to breath. It can also cause a cough that produces sputum, wheezing, shortness of breath, fast breathing, fatigue, chest tightness, and more. A person can get COPD from exposure to lung irritants (over a period of time) that cause harm to the lungs and the airway. Some factors are exposure to tobacco smoke, people with asthma who smoke, occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals, age (people 40 years of age or older), and genetics. Cigarette smoking remains the number one most commonly encountered risk factor in the development of COPD. The majority of cases of COPD are caused by

Mclvor et al. state that the epidemiology of this disease will continue to change and the number of cases among women will rise (2010). In 1998, the WHO estimated that COPD was the fifth most common cause of death worldwide. (Mclvor et al., 2010) Also, the Global Burden of Disease Studies estimated that COPD would become the third most common cause of mortality by 2020 (Calverley et al., 2003). COPD presents a personal burden. Sufferers of this disease have reported significant disability and restriction as a result of COPD (Calverley et al., 2003). “Patients tend to be slow to seek medical help and are reluctant to press for more public attention to their problems” (Calverley et al., 2003). This is most likely due to the social stigma attached to being diagnosed with a disease. Under diagnosis of this disease is a major problem. In fact, Decramer, Janssens & Miravitlles state that 60-85% of patients (usually with mild to moderate disease) remain undiagnosed

The respiratory system is responsible for the regular intake and diffusion of oxygen and is integral for cellular respiration, creating energy and sustaining life (VanPutte, Regan & Russo, 2014). However, COPD is a common and irreversible respiratory disorder with patients experiencing airflow limitation and consequently display symptoms including breathlessness, a persistent cough, hyperinflation of the chest muscles chest and an over-reliance on accessory muscles to achieve regular breathing activity (Hodson & Sherrington, 2014). Although, there is a range of disease severity, this impairment often leads to episodes of acute exasperations where patients experience extreme difficulty maintaining basic respiratory function, frequent hospitalisation, comorbidities and high mortality rates (Austin, Willis, Blizzard, Walters, & Wood-Baker, 2010; Decramer, Janssens, & Miravitlles, 2012). Despite strong evidence of a relationship between smoking and COPD, Rabe, and Wedzicha (2011) suggests that other risk factors should be

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or COPD is a progressive inflammatory condition of the lungs that leads to swelling of the respiratory passage causing breathing related problems. In America, around 13.6 million people are affected by COPD and it is assumed to be fourth major causes of death. In 2006, nearly 120,000 persons had died of COPD (cdc, 2009). In his essay I will discuss what COPD is, the cause, and treatment.

The signs and symptoms include breathlessness, frequent coughing, wheezing and tightness in the chest (COPD Foundation, 2016). Complications of COPD include respiratory infections, heart problems, lung cancer, high blood pressure and depression (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Laboratory abnormalities of COPD is shown through arterial blood gas analysis which shows how well oxygen can enter the lungs and remove carbon dioxide. If the oxygen can barely enter and remove less carbon dioxide the patient is shown to have evidence of COPD (Mayo Clinic, 2015). Common treatments and modifications to treat COPD is to reduce smoking by going to smoking sensation classes if the patient is a smoker, bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, combination inhalers, oral steroids, antibiotics, theophylline and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor. Other treatments are lung treatments such as oxygen

COPD is becoming prevalent disease within today’s society, ranking as the fourth leading cause of death in the United States and Europe (Kaufman, 2013). It is defined as a:

COPD management goals are to relieve disabling dyspnea, prevent exacerbations, improve exercise tolerance, reduce hospitalizations and mortality, and reduce long-term function decline. Achieving all of these objectives becomes more difficult in elderly patients (Berbecaru-Iovan, Popescu, & Berbecaru-Iovan, 2013). There are major complications associated with COPD. These include pneumonia, which can be deadly in the elderly, pneumothorax, chronic atelectasis, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. The major life-threatening complications of COPD are respiratory insufficiency and respiratory failure. (Brunner, Suddarth, & Smeltzer, 2010). A patient with COPD may have weight loss, because the symptoms of shortness of breath and fatigue interfere with eating. This issue is more common with severe disease. As a result, the patient may not get all of the calories and nutrients needed, which can worsen the symptoms and raise the risk for infections (National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 2014).

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a progressive and irreversible disease that is characterized by reduced inspiration and expiration capacity in lungs. In COPD airflow limitation occurs due to an abnormal immune response of the airways and lung parenchyma to harmful particles and gases (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD), 2015). The COPD is one of leading causes for morbidity and mortality around the world. This essay will discuss the pathophysiology of COPD, its risk factors, general clinical manifestation and clinical manifestation of Mrs Walker, pharmacological management of COPD, nursing care plan and the discharge plan for Mrs Walker’s condition.

Commonly known by its abbreviation, COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is an irreversible cluster of lung diseases characterized by a progressive restriction of airflow associated with inflammation of the small airways and destruction of the lung parenchyma. COPD is mainly comprised of two lung diseases, chronic bronchitis as well as emphysema. (Burt & Corbridge, 2013). In the United States, COPD currently stands as the third leading cause of death preceded only by heart disease and cancer. Statistical estimates put the number of adults diagnosed with COPD at approximately fifteen million. However, about half of older adults with low pulmonary function may not be aware that they have COPD. This suggests that the actual number of Americans affected may approach twenty-four million. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Because there is no cure for COPD, thorough provider management is necessary to improve quality of life,

The respiratory system is a complex system that is very important and essential for human to live and the simple act of breathing it is usually taken for granted. However, for many people, respiratory diseases make this simple act difficult. According to Porth, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) imply a group of respiratory disorders that are characterized by chronic and recurrent obstruction of airflow in the pulmonary airway (Porth,2015). According to the CDC, in the United Stated smoking has been identified as the key factor in the development and progression of COPD (CDC, 2016). However, others factors are also responsible for the development of COPD such as exposure to air pollutants in

COPD disease is caused by disorders of the respiratory tract with obstruction of the trachea caused congestion of the lungs as a result, the internal resistance of the pharynx increased while exhaling. The patient with dyspnea that is difficulty breathing because of the force required to breathe more. The patient was suffered from COPD especially in a chronic elderly patient to perform activities or do activities of daily living were decreased. In addition the length of hospitalization for long time, the cost of treatment is high, the loss of income that inability to work normally and when the disease get worsened which these are result in patients suffering, disillusionment and depression. The lack of control exacerbations on COPD potentially

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), also known as Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COLD), is a kind of lung disease distinguished by poor airflow which gets worse with time. COPD is associated with shortness of breath, production of sputum and cough. An Acute Exacerbation of COPD is a condition characterized by increased shortness of breath, excessive amount of sputum production and cough. This condition is a major cause of mortality and morbidity.

COPD is characterized by obstruction of airflow in the airways, which includes emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and chronic asthma. This is usually an irreversible disease and progressively worsens over time. Majority of the time a respiratory therapist will see multiple COPD patients almost their entire shift. Stefanni (2015) emphasizes that, “COPD is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in the United States, trailing only heart disease and cancer as the third leading cause of death, with associated treatment costs in the billions”. Patients who are already diagnosed with COPD should be encouraged to take their medication every single day as they last 12 to 24 hours. It is an easy thing to forget; however, encouraging ways of reminders, like an alarm, is quite life saving as well as informing them to not miss a treatment to prevent an exacerbation from occurring. To ease the work of breathing a patient should be taught pursed-lip breathing. In addition, the flu can be a detrimental thing for a COPD patient since it affects the respiratory system and makes it even harder to breathe; therefore, a vaccination should be done every year. Suggesting a pulmonary rehabilitation center will help minimize the symptoms and be very beneficial for the patient’s overall health in the long run.