Pulmonary Elasticity

Once the limits have been reached, there is very little or no change that will occur in the response to any pressure change. This is figured out by using the equation of change in pressure and the change in volume. (Jardins, 2013) By using this equation it will help figure out how compliant the lungs are. This is critical in figuring lung dysfunctions and developing care for a patient. One of the major diseases that lowers the elastance of the lung and the most preventable is Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is categorized with an increase of airway resistance and the loss of lung elasticity. As a restriction in airflow develops, it leads to the hyperinflation of the alveoli. Some other diseases that are caused by low elastic conditions and is related to Hooke’s law are traumatic chest injuries, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary edema, and interstitial lung disease. All of the disease and/or illness’s cause the pressure-volume curve to slide to the right very quickly and allows the lung elastic properties to decrease significantly. (Jardins, 2013)

What is the couch reflex? Describe the process that Cari’s respiratory system is using to clear her lungs by couching.

The cough reflex is a long and deep inhalation followed by the closing of the glottis, this causes a strong exhalation that pushes the glottis open and sends air through the respiratory passages. Stimulus for the reflex

When the vagus nerve is activated it allows the parasympathetic nervous system to enjoy a state of health, growth, and restoration in which is the preferred state for optimal function.The sympathetic system is capable of movement and decides whether to flee or fight in the presence of danger. The last line of defence is the parasympathetic nervous system 2 which immobilises and shuts down the body. The vague nerve is activated during exhalation so when the exhale is not completed properly and the breath is held longer, it is in theory preventing the opportunity to obtain a healthy state.

The inflammation of the bronchial tubes makes the nerves in the lungs very senstive. In response to irritation, the body forces air through the airways by rapid strong contraction of the muscles of respiration

The cough reflex is used to clear sputum and irritants that are in the nasal passages and pharynx. There are cilia in her trachea that is moving mucus up from the lungs. When the mucus becomes abundant, it triggers the cough reflex.

Elasticity- is the ability of a muscle cell to recoil and resume its resting length after stretching.

Through the development of the child moving to one year, various changes did occur in the sensory abilities and in the reflexes. In such there are a number of reflexes that seemed to disappear while other did not disappear and continued through the subsequent months moving into his first birthday. Key among the reflexes observed in the newborn that did not disappear included hiccups which were accompanied by movements of the tongue and lower jaw, interrupted by pauses and the yawning which seemed much to signify the baby being fatigued or feeling sleepy. Further, the baby kept sneezing as a protective reflex adapted to the respiratory system and sucking which resulted from contact at the level of the pharynx or tongue. Moving on to months and into the first year, the below-described changes were evident on the child.

There is also a large increase in airway resistance and a collapse of the lower airways during expiration and a decrease in the elastic recoil of the

Until recently, it was thought that stimulation of lower airway rapidly adapting receptors (RARs) elicited cough 18. However, it has been shown that another population of airway sensory receptors that is found primarily in the larger airways is most likely responsible for cough 19. These sensory receptors are specifically termed cough receptors. Slowly adapting receptors have a permissive role in the production of tracheobronchial cough and a facilitatory role in laryngeal cough 20,21. The exact role of pulmonary C-fibers in the production of cough is more controversial, with some groups supporting an excitatory role 22 and others supporting an inhibitory role 23. Sensory information from these pulmonary afferents is processed in the brainstem, where the basic central elements responsible for the production of cough are located 11,12,14,16,24-27. Pulmonary vagal afferent information is processed by second order interneurons located near to and in various subnuclei of the NTS 28,29. These interneurons include pump cells, so called because their respiratory modulation is derived from lung SAR activity 30, laryngeal second-order relay neurons 31,32, and relay neurons mediating pulmonary C-fiber reflexes 32. Second order RAR interneurons are located in the commissural subnucleus of the NTS 28, but the role of RARs in regulating cough is currently

The human body is a very complex organism composed of different types of systems and functions. All the functions that each system has, is what makes possible for the body to obtain life. One of the most important systems in one’s body is the circulatory system, where the heart, the lungs, and the blood vessels work together to form the circle part of the circulatory system. The pumping of the heart forces the blood on its journey. The body’s circulatory system really has three parts: pulmonary circulation, coronary circulation, and systemic circulation. Each part must be working independently in order for them to all work together. However, when one of the parts of the circulatory system does not

As we breathe in, the muscles in the chest wall force the thoracic area, ribs and connective muscles to contract and expand the chest. The diaphragm is contracted and moves down as the area inside the chest increases as air enters the lungs. The lungs are forced open by this expansion and the pressure inside the lungs becomes enough that it pulls

TABLE 1: This table represents the lung capacity of people who do exercise constantly, their lung capacity was measured with the balloon who after that was introduce into the bucket and water was represented en ml in the table below.

There are two groups of reflexes in the human body, with two ways to categorize each of them. Reflexes can either be inborn and connected through the nervous system, or they can be learned through practice. Another way to explain a reflexive category would be autonomic reflexes or somatic reflexes. Autonomic reflexes are those which are unaware to us and act on visceral organs of the body, whereas somatic reflexes involve skeletal muscle stimulation. Both types of reflexes are put into effect via the nervous system. (1)

than nonsmoking males. A person’s reflex to cough is a defensive action that prevents foreign