Pulmonary Embolism Paper

Pulmonary embolism, what is it and how are the outcomes for this disease process and why is this disease so very important to treat as soon as possible? Well according to Medline Plus pulmonary embolism are essentially blot clots that get into the arteries of the lungs and cause a blockage which can lead to many serious problems if not treated correctly. The type of clot that is usually attributed to this disease is one that comes from deep vein thrombosis which often comes from one of the lower legs. Pulmonary Embolism: Medline Plus (2016, March 15). The lungs are a very important part of the body as important in the process cellular respiration, which with the lungs take the carbon dioxide

The clinical picture of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is not similar from various aspect of its pathophysiological course presenting from minimal symptoms to variety of severity of disease like severe hypoxia, hypotension, right heart failure and death1. Massive pulmonary embolism is defined as obstruction of blood flow to a lobe or multiple segments of the lung, or for unstable hemodynamics, i.e. failure to maintain blood pressure without supportive measures.” This case highlights about aggressiveness of treatment and role of thrombolytic therapy for a severely hemodynamic unstable patient2.

Dugdale, D. (2012, June 22). Cardiogenic Shock. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved November 23, 2013, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000185.htm

Venous thromboembolism refers to the formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel. While clots can form in an artery or a vein, this article focuses only on clots that occur in a vein ("," 2015). Critically ill patients are at an increased risk of a venous thromboembolism (VTE) due to VTE can manifest as a deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or a pulmonary embolism (PE). Risk factors include venous stasis, vascular injury, and hypercoagulable disorders. A majority of ICU patients carry at least one risk factor for VTE; additional risk factors are considered to have a cumulative effect…it is impossible to predict which patients will experience a

Mr. S was driving when he experience a stabbing chest and back pain for the first time. The pain was so severe he immediately went to his local ER. Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion (VQ) scan and Computed tomography angiography (CTA) was done at his local ER. VQ scan was negative for pulmonary embolism (PE). CTA of the chest revealed

Thromboembolism the two primary complications include arterial thromboembolism and pump thrombosis. Thrombi forms due to low blood flow to certain areas (aortic valve, dilated ventricle) and infection this can lead to stroke. Hypotension can be an early sign of sepsis, hypovolemia, decreased cardiac output, filling pressure, hypovolemia, right ventricular failure, tamponade, arrhythmias, or device related complications. Hemorrhage or bleeding a major complication that can be caused either by underlying bleeding disorders

At CTPA study performed at the time excluded any pulmonary emboli and the report made comment of a moderate sized right-sided pleural effusion with compressive atelectasis. There was no comment on the report of any parenchymal infiltrate and I have not cited the images myself. CRP was 113. He was given a presumptive diagnosis of pneumonia with parapneumonic effusion and commenced an Augmentin Duo Forte and doxycycline. In

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) is a disease that embodies both pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). On the side of research, VTE is the most common preventable cause of hospital-associated mortality and is both the second most common medical complication and cause of excess length of hospital stay (LOS). Furthermore, with appropriate evidence-based prophylactic measures, the occurrence of hospital-associated VTE (HA-VTE) can be reduced by as much as seventy percent. Subsequently, there are approximately between 200,000 and 300,000 VTE-related deaths annually, which is greater than the yearly rate of mortality for breast cancer,

There are many people that suffer from venous thromboembolism. Venous thromboembolism includes both deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. This is the third most common cause of vascular death after a myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack, and stroke. This article examines the possibility of either full or low intensity anticoagulation therapy versus aspirin. This was a randomized study that consisted of 3,396 individuals who have venous thromboembolism. These individuals either received rivaroxaban, which is an anticoagulant, or 100 mg of aspirin once a day. The individuals in this study completed 6-12 months of anticoagulation therapy and were eligible for inclusion in the study if they were 18 years of age or older. The

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an epidemic that rain rapid in Australia and was a very big concern. The study of this sickness was a major Problem as it had affected the demographic area of Perth, Australia. The epidemic is a very big problem as VTE is connected with the trauma, surgery, and cancer and this sickness is caused while

Acute chest syndrome has been studied extensively in the past due to two reasons. First, it is the leading cause of death in patients with sickle cell disease. Secondly, there is not optimal treatment for acute chest syndrome. This is because there are so many factors that can cause it. Pulmonary fat embolism can cause acute chest syndrome, but so can viral infections, bacterial infections, and mixed infections (Vichinsky, 2000). While there are so many causes of acute chest syndrome, the most noticeable was pulmonary fat embolism, which account for 8.8% of all acute chest syndrome occurrences (Vichinsky, 2000). On table 4, you can see each disease that caused the onset of acute chest syndrome, and how many people it affected.

Based on the ventilation perfusion scan, the patient reveals a high probability of pulmonary embolus. Lack of fever indicates that the patient is not responding to inflammation or fever. The patient should be asked about prothrombotic conditions which include pregnancy, cancer, immobility, injury, surgery, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sickle cell thalassemia disease, heart failure, renal failure, elevated cholesterol level, polycythemia vera, heparin use, and estrogen use (Kyrle, 2009). An irregularly irregular pulse indicates atrial fibrillation, which is a risk factor for thrombotic stroke and may be an indicator of hyperthyroidism (Kumar, 2010). The patient is tachycardic with a pulse of 110. Lung rales may be heard in patients with heart failure. The patient also presented with a respiratory rate of 20/min although no mention of audible rales mentioned. Pedal edema may be seen in heart failure and renal failure. The family history of her father dying of pulmonary embolism is an important factor contributing to treatment for hypercoagulation. Assess liver and spleen size palpating for masses or tenderness (Kyrle, 2009). Also assess for recent surgery and signs of trauma or thrombophlebitis (Porth, 2015). Recommended tests for patients with suspected hypercoagulable consist of CBC, lipid profiles, and TSH test (Kumar, 2010). A hypercoagulation panel and D-dimer test are needed for monitoring anticoagulant therapy (Kumar, 2010). CBC results will reveal an increase in RBCs. Elevated platelet counts could indicate thrombocytosis or a reaction to an inflammation or infection. Low platelet count indicates idiopathic thrombocytopenia (Kumar, 2010). The chemistry profile will show elevated glucose levels in patients with diabetes and elevated BUN and creatinine in patients with renal failure (Kumar, 2010). A lipid profile may indicate

Aneurysm Embolization is done in Interventional Radiology, by an Interventional Neuroradiologist. The radiologist uses guide wires, known as catheters to locate the aneurysm. Through the catheter a small coil can be placed into the aneurysm. With these coils the body will develop blood clots around them which prevent blood from entering the aneurysm. This eliminates the risk of rupturing aneurysms. There are many different types of stents that can be used for aneurysm embolization. Many of these stents depend on the type of aneurysm. A stent that’s commonly used is the Solitaire AB Stent. This stent is used for the treatment of wide-necked aneurysms in the brain as well as small intracranial aneurysms. Another type of embolization device that’s used is pipeline; this device is used for dissecting cerebral aneurysms.

Trauma patients transferred from the field often receive crystalloid infusion. In an analysis of 8700 patients of the German Trauma Registry in 2006, 34% were overtly coagulopathic at the time of presentation; the degree of derangement was proportional to the degree of prior crystalloid resuscitation4. Specifically, 10% of patients were coagulopathic after receiving 500 mL or less of crystalloid, which has been shown to be a product of both acute trauma response and factor dilution4. In trauma, abnormal coagulation panels at the time of presentation are associated with a 3-fold increase in mortality. Specifically, patients presenting with INR >1.5 have a mortality of 30% compared to 5% in those with normal INR4. Further research shows that factor-depleted infusions potentiate coagulopathy of trauma5.

Thrombin is a naturally occurring protein that is present in the blood of humans and animals. The main function of thrombin is as an intermediate step during hemostasis, which slows bleeding by forming blood clots. Thrombin acts as an enzyme during an injury, converting fibrinogen to fibrin, which then causes blood clots to form. Due to its properties, thrombin’s application to the medical field includes topical surgery in the case of minor injuries as well as various other medical procedures such as neurosurgical operations. Apart from applications in the medical field, thrombin also plays significant roles by directly interacting with endothelial cells throughout the body.