Pyelonephritis

Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a type of kidney disease in which the glomeruli of the kidneys become inflamed. The glomeruli, which are the filtration components of the kidneys, are specialized groups of capillaries, which lie between two resistance vessels (Pollak, Quaggin, Hoenig, & Dworkin, 2014). Approximately 200 years ago, Richard Bright was the first to describe glomerular disease. His diagnosis was primarily targeted towards the existence of proteinuria, in his patients. Proteinuria is the presence of protein in the urine. In order to determine whether or not proteinuria was present, Bright would heat his patients’ urine on a spoon. The presence of a precipitate after the heating process indicated a positive result for proteinuria (Couser

T.M. was admitted to the sub-acute unit for an UTI. UTI is usually cause by an organism called Escherichia coli. Risk factors for UTI in males can be bladder stones, kidney stones, an enlarge prostate, catheter use, or bacterial prostatitis. Some of the symptoms of UTI are burning sensation when urinating, frequent urination, fever, chills, foul smelling urine, urine retention, and lethargy. T.M. has a diagnosis of BPH and repeated history of UTI which increase his risk for UTI. A short-term goal will be that the patient will be display no UTI sign of symptoms. A long-term goal will be that the patient will demonstrate behavioral techniques to prevent future UTI. To accomplish these goals, the patient should be encouraged to void every 2 to

n.d.). P. Mirabilis is usually not pathogenic, however, once it enters urinary tract, lungs or wounds in the human body, it becomes pathogenic and will use blood vessels to travel to other areas of the body (Murphy, P. n.d.). P. mirabilis can cause urinary tract infections and kidney stones (EOL, n.d.). A urinary tract infection is an infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, bladder, urethra and ureters (M. (2015, July 23). When you have a urinary tract infection you will have symptoms of red and strong-smelling urine, pelvic pain and a burning sensation while peeing (M. (2015, July 23). Urinary tract infections are treated with antibiotics (M. 2015, July 23). Kidney stones are hard, small masses made up acid salts and minerals that are formed inside the kidneys (M. 2015, February 26). When you have kidney stones you will have severe back pain, trouble urinating, cloudy urine, urinating more than normal and pink, red, or brown urine (M. 2015, February 26). There is no treatment for kidney stones, they have to pass on their own (M. 2015, February 26). This process is usually very painful, but usually do not cause any later damage (M. 2015, February 26). To make them tolerable, doctors recommend drinking water and pain relievers (M. 2015, February

A Urinary tract infection (UTI) including the bladder and kidneys, is an infection that encompasses the entire urinary system. The kidneys and bladder filter the blood to make Urine. A urinary catheter is a thin tube placed in the bladder to drain urine. Urine drains through the tube into a bag where the urine collects. When the whole system is compromised, a patient can become very ill. A catheter provides a link between the outside environment and a usually sterile system. Now that the catheter is in place, microorganisms are no longer removed by normal voiding. Germs do not usually live in the region of the urinary system, but when they are re-introduced through the absence of voiding, infection becomes a problem. A urinary catheter may be used when you cannot urinate on your own, to measure the amount of urine you produce, during and after certain types of surgery and during testing of the urinary system. Health care associated infections(HAIs) are an on-going issue, specifically the prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Simply put, those with catheters have a higher chance of obtaining a CAUTI than patients who do not.

Glomerulonephritis is a disease that affects the glomeruli of your kidneys that filters the waste in your blood. Your glomeruli becomes damaged because of a problem with your body's immune system. Salt and extra fluid begin to build up in your kidneys, making them unable to filter properly. There are two types of Glomerulonephritis- acute or chronic. Acute Glomerulonephritis can be caused by a skin or throat infection or by other illnesses such as lupus. Chronic Glomerulonephritis can develop over time without any symptoms. Sometimes the disease runs in the family, but with most cases of glomerulonephritis disease the cause is unknown. Glomerulonephritis can affect anyone with diabetes, or other kidney diseases. It is commonly seen in young

Pyelonephritis, or a kidney infection, is a form of a urinary tract infection (UTI). Most of these infections are caused by an infection of your lower urinary tract, like your bladder, first that then spreads upstream to your kidneys. Your kidneys are part of your upper urinary tract that help filter your blood to make urine, and work around the clock to do this. In one day, your 2 kidneys combined filter anywhere from 120 to 150 quarts of blood, which is equivalent to 30-37.5 gallons of blood filtered per day. You have 2 kidneys which are bean shaped and about the size of a fist.

The pathophysiology to hydronephrosis is when there is an obstruction in either upper or lower urinary tract that increases pressure into the kidney. Additionally it becomes inability to pass urine through to the bladder. The pressure delicate the tissue to make it hard to pass which leads to complication and loss of function to work properly. If the kidney swells up or there’s a blockage it cannot do what a normal kidney functioning does.

According to the article URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. (2012). “ Pyelonephritis is a and a common bacterial upper urinary tract infections in children, with recurrence being the highest concern in girls. The dominant causes of the infection are E.Coli, gram negative rods, and organisms that can enter the urethral tube and can damage the kidney or the lining of the urethra.” The bacterial infection enters into the bladder and advances into the kidneys causing an increase in fever, vomiting, apathy, and dysuria, which can lead to sepsis.

Urine is a sterile body fluid in most healthy adults. A clean catch urine will show if the urine is positive for bacteria. The most common bacteria present in UTI’s is E. Coli however a culture and sensitivity test should be done to accurately determine which bacteria is responsible for the infection. The results will allow the provider to prescribe more specific antibiotic treatments. With the increase in microbial resistant

small to be seen without a microscope. Urinary Tract Infection is also abbreviated as UTI. UTI is often caused by bacteria. It is most commonly infected by humans and commonly in the bladder and urthera, which is located in the lower tract and in the upper tract it’s uterus and kidneys. However the upper tract UTIs is more rare than lower tract UTIs because of the kidney. They’re also generally more severe.

Urinary Tract Infection(UTI) also known as acute cystitis is an infection that affects the urinary system: kidney, urethra, ureters and bladder. It is basically caused by a bacteria, Escherichia coli and can also be caused by a virus or fungi. This infection is very common among females, because the distance between the urethral opening(in the vagina) and the urethra is shorter than in males. It does not therefore eliminate the fact that UTI can be contacted by males too. Causes of UTI is an elongated prostrate gland.

A symptomatic bacterial infection that develops in the urinary system is known as a urinary tract infection (UTI). UTI can develop in the upper urinary tract, known as acute pyelonephritis, which is an infection of the kidney and the lower urinary tract, also known as cystitis which is an infection of the bladder. A patient is consider to have asymptomatic bacteriuria if their urine cultures showing >100 000 cfu/mL urine without the symptoms of UTI. UTI that occurs in pregnant women, men, diabetics, the immunosuppressed, patients with history of pyelonephritis and those with urinary tract structural abnormalities is classified as complicated UTI.

Glomerulonephritis is a group of kidney diseases in which the glomeruli of the kidney becomes inflamed. The glomeruli of the kidney filters protein and blood out of the incoming blood vessels and redistributes them back into circulation. In the case of Glomerulonephritis, the inflamed glomeruli are unable to redistribute the blood and protein back into circulation and thus is released in the urine. Glomerulonephritis is a broad term used for a few specific types of glomerular damage. The specific name is given once tissue samples are examined under a microscope and key features have been identified (www.hopkinsmedicine.org/nephrology/glomerulonephritis.html). While it cannot be used as definitive diagnosis, a few key symptoms can help to determine the tests needed for diagnosis. Commonly abdominal pain, diarrhea, excessive urination (polyuria), fever and edema of the ankles, feet, abdomen, and face (including eyes) are experienced. Once these symptoms have been evaluated by a doctor, a complete urinalysis would be requested in helping to diagnose the disease. With Glomerulonephritis protein (proteinuria) and blood (hematuria) would be found in the urine sample. (www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000484.htm). If the urinalysis is returned positive with these findings a kidney biopsy will be performed. Positive confirmation of which type of Glomerulonephritis can then be made if the results of the biopsy show abnormal tissue and the result of the

P. mirabilis is commonly associated with urinary tract infections. The infection begins when the organism moves from urethra to the urinary bladder. Urinary tract infections caused by P. mirabilis are mostly found in patients under long-term catherization. Other groups of patients that are at high risks of the diseases include; those patients with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, patients with recurrent infections and patients whose infections were acquired in the hospital or long-term care facilities.

For centuries urinary tract infections caused by tiny microscopic organisms have been a very common medical issue that millions of women and some men have had to endure. In fact according to the NIH “8.1 million visits to healthcare providers each year” are specifically for UTIs. It is hard to believe that these minor infections still exist today due to the astonishing technological advancements in the medical field. If UTIs are not treated they can result in serious kidney infections, which can cause permanent damage such as kidney scars, hypertension or poor kidney function. Treatments such as antibiotics are still needed to ward off unwanted bacteria, viruses or fungi the body cannot flush out naturally.