Pyleonephritis

Lehne (2013) continues by stating that in nosocomial caused cystitis E. coli makes up only 50 percent of UTI’s. In hospital settings more common gram negative causative agents of cystitis are Pseudomonas, Proteus or Klebsiella pneumoniae. There is also a gram positive agent named Staphylococcus saprophyticus that makes up 10 to 15 percent of nosocomial UTI’s.

There is a burning sensation experienced on urination which is indicative of the fact that the urethra has infection. CU can spread and block (due to inflammation) the fallopian tubes thereby causing salpingitis. In 40% of untreated cases, there is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) i.e. inflammation of uterus, fallopian tube and also ovaries. Major damages like this add on to the risk of developing infertility and ectopic pregnancy. Newborn can contract the causative bacterium from the infected mother during the delivery thus leading to neonatal

In pregnant woman this infection can get so bad that it can infect the kidney, and if that happens other tests have to be done just to be sure and treat accordingly, due to patient being pregnant. The guidelines for this specific infection falls under Bladder abscess in pregnant patients, Chapter 15 a,1(General rules for obstetric cases) pg 798.

According to the article URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS. (2012). “ Pyelonephritis is a and a common bacterial upper urinary tract infections in children, with recurrence being the highest concern in girls. The dominant causes of the infection are E.Coli, gram negative rods, and organisms that can enter the urethral tube and can damage the kidney or the lining of the urethra.” The bacterial infection enters into the bladder and advances into the kidneys causing an increase in fever, vomiting, apathy, and dysuria, which can lead to sepsis.

A UTI infection begins when bacteria makes its way into the urinary tract in the urethra and the bacteria stays there and builds up in the bladder then causing an infection. Although our urinary system is designed to help prevent these types of infections from happening sometimes it doesn't happen so then the bacteria in the urinary tract turns into a UTI. Some risk factors include age, previous UTI, patients on prolonged bed rest, pregnancy, and prolonged urinary catheters. There are no studies to of been factual in if women use the restroom and wipe back to front that it is the leading cause to getting a UTI.

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common types of the infection that affecting kidney, ureter, bladder and urethra. This infection usually infect the bladder and urethra. Besides the bacteria, such as C. albicans, M. tuberculosis and E. coli, fungi and parasites also may cause the UTIs. However, E. coli is the most common bacterial that affecting the urinary tract [9]. Once the bacteria infecting the bladder, it can contagious to the kidney hence it will be kidney infection, also known as pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis may cause permanent kidney scars, which can lead to chronic disease such as chronic kidney disease, high blood pressure (hypertension) and diabetes [10].

Catheter is a tube that inserted into the bladder to drain urine and then connected to drainage bags. CA-UTI causing pathogens are normal flora of intestine can enter in to urinary tract when catheter was inserting or remain in the bladder. In all nosocomial infection CA-UTI account up to 40% and leads to epididymitis, prostatitis and orchitis in males, cystitis, pyelonephritis, bacteremia, endocarditis etc [1]. In hospitalize patients a prolong use of catheter increase risk of CA-UTI. Gram-negative bacteria that form biofilm formation associated with CA-UTI. Symptomatic UTI normally not occur in CA-UTI, it is usually asymptomatic and infrequently cause blood stream infection. For lab finding Sample should be collected from catheter tube in

A urinary tract infection may be classified as cystitis or pyelonephritis depending on the location of infection. Cystitis is the most common form of urinary tract infection, is located in the lower urinary tract, affecting the bladder and urethra. On the other hand, pyelonephritis, or kidney infection, is not as common, and is located in the upper urinary tract, affecting the kidney and ureter. The most typical symptoms of cystitis include urgency for urination, frequency of urination, dysuria (painful urination), and suprapubic pain or tenderness. Pyelonephritis on the other hand has more systemic symptoms, such as fever, nausea and vomiting, chills, malaise, as well as flank pain and tenderness at the costovertebral angle (CVA).

It's not known why a UTI in some people spreads; becomes more severe and develops into Urosepsis. Thus, making all the risk factors for Urosepsis the same as for a UTI. Everyone and anyone can get a UTI. I am just going to focus on the risk factors that my clinical patient had. My patient is a diabetic female, has Foley Catheter and spinal cord damage/ nerve

There are various defects associated with the kidney, which render it defective for its normal functioning. The main functions of these organs include regulating the pH of the body, osmoregulation, and production of hormones, regulating ion concentration and excretion of toxic substances among others. Once any part of the kidney is defective, these functions cannot be carried out as usual. As such, there is an urgency for a patient to seek medical advice as these functions are very crucial for the body to function properly. One of the major defects associated with kidney includes pyelonephritis. To understand this illness better, we will consider the case of Ms. Cornwall.

These infections of the urinary tract must be diagnosed quickly and treated

Urinary tract infection refers to the presence of microbial pathogens within the urinary tract and can be divided into uncomplicated and complicated depending upon the anatomical and pathophysiological elements of the urinary tract. Infection of the intact, normally functional tract is usually classified as uncomplicated infection. When there is urinary tract abnormalities such as an obstruction, or the patient is predisposed to the infection, it is referred to as complicated [4]. UTI is usually classified by the site of infection (infection of the bladder, cystitis; infection of the kidney, pyelonephritis; or of the urine, bacteriuria) [4]. Uropathogens are likely to colonize anatomical and functional urinary tract, however, individuals with

"Acute pyelonephritis involves acute tissue inflammation, tubular cell necrosis, and possible abscess formation" (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013, p.1523). The

With the exception of urethral mucosa, the normal urinary tract is resistant to colonization by bacteria and, for the most part, efficiently and rapidly eliminates pathogenic and nonpathogenic microorganisms that gain access to the bladder (Nielubowicz and Mobley, 2010)

Acute pyelonephritis is potentially life-threatening infection caused by bacteria invasion of the renal parenchyma and often leads to scarring of the kidney. Bacteria reach the kidney by ascending from lower urinary tract. Also, the bacteria may reach the kidney through the blood stream (Fulop, 2015). McCance and Huether (2014) indicate that, in pyelonephritis, the inflammation process mainly affects pelvis, calyces, and the medulla. The infection causes medullary infiltration of white blood cells with renal inflammation, renal edema, and purulent urine explaining Ms. Cornwall urinalysis results (bacteria and white blood cell cast). Other symptoms include fever, chills, and flank or groin pain. With severe infection, abscess in the medulla may spread to the cortex. Acute pyelonephritis hardly leads to renal failure. After the acute attack, healing with deposition of scar tissue, fibrosis, and atrophy occurs in affected areas (McCance & Huether, 2014).