Pyocyanin

An unknown bacterium was handed out by Dr. Honer. The appropriate tests were prepared and applied. The first procedure that was done was the gram stain. Under a microscope, if the gram stain is purple, the bacterium is gram positive, if the stain is red, it is gram negative. The next test was the fermentation tests for glucose, sucrose and

Unlike many environmental bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa has a remarkable capacity to cause disease in susceptible hosts. It has the ability to adapt to and thrive in many ecological niches, from water and soil to plant and animal tissues. The bacterium is capable of utilizing a wide range of organic compounds as food sources, thus giving it an exceptional ability to

PH can affect the way fermentation occurs due to the irregularity of the acidity or alkalinity within the glucose solution. This is an enzyme-based reaction that is susceptible to pH. The aim of this experiment was to determine how pH affects the yeast fermentation rate by performing the experiment numerous times with a different pH of glucose solution which included pH 3, 5, 7, 9, 11. The hypothesis was ‘If the pH is lower than the neutral point then the fermentation reaction will occur faster?’ The experiment conducted was to measure the amount of C02 produced by the yeast going into fermentation, however varying the pH of glucose solution by using different pHs . To test this every 5 minutes the volume of gas in the test tube was observed and recorded until a period of 30 minutes had been. The end results

The first result of importance was the result of the Gram stain. The observations of the unknown bacteria from the slant culture after Gram staining showed that the unknown bacteria were Gram negative bacilli (Image 1). After determining the unknown bacteria was Gram negative, an oxidase test was conducted on a sample from the slant culture. The cotton swap with the sample of bacteria did not change color when the oxidase reagent was applied, thus providing a negative result. With a negative oxidase test, further tests were conducted to determine various characteristics of the unknown bacteria. A MR-VP broth was inoculated with a sample from a slant culture of unknown bacteria. After incubation, the methyl red reagent was added to the broth, and the broth turned red, providing a positive result (Image 2). An EMB agar streak plate was inoculated with a sample from a slant culture of the unknown bacteria, and after incubation, growth was found on the plate, providing a positive result (Image 3). A Citrate agar slant was inoculated, and after incubation, growth was found on the media, providing a positive result (Image 4). A Urea agar slant was inoculated, and after incubation, the agar had changed from a peach color to a bright pink color, providing a positive result (Image 5). Using the flowchart (Figure 1) developed from the Table of Expected Results, the lab partners started at the oxidase test. Given the negative result of the oxidase test, the flowchart is

This organism is positive in oxidation because bacteria use oxygen to use lactose. The lactose tube turns from red to yellow without the mineral oil on top of the solution. Negative result for oxidation is no color change without the mineral oil. Fermentation also positive because color change from red to yellow with the mineral oil on top of solution. This mean the bacteria can use lactose without oxygen.

In this lab, the organism that we have been working with is the bacterium, Serratia marcescens. S. marcescens is a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, and tends to grow in damp environments. S. marcescens is an ideal bacterium to work with in the lab because it reproduces quicker than other bacterium. This bacterium produces a special pigment called prodigiosin, which is red in color. The prodigiosin pigment is intensified when S. marcescens is grown at higher densities. During our experiment, temperature, pH, salinity concentration and oxygen requirements were tested on S. marcescens to measure their optimal growth and prodigiosin production.

Morganella morganii is a gram-negative bacillus with no special arrangement. It is the third member of the tribe Proteeae. This bacterium was first discovered in the year 1906 by a British bacteriologist by the name of He. De R. Morgan. In the late year of 1939, the bacterium was named Proteus morganii, and again changed some years later due to findings that this bacterium did not obtain the ability to ferment all carbohydrates like the genus Proteus was capable of doing. Instead, researchers found the bacterium to have the capabilities of ferment only glucose and therefore its name had been changed one final time to Morganella (its own genus) morganii. While testing M. morganii, findings show that it has its own special characteristics that differ from the usual Proteea. M. morganii does not swarm on a nutrient agar plate like the typical Proteus would. It also does not produce the black precipitate found in Hydrogen Sulfide gas tests. M. morganii produces phenylalanine deaminase, which is the enzyme that wipes out the amino group, resulting in a phenyl pyruvic acid. It is a facultative anaerobe meaning that it is capable of producing energy in the form of ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present in its environment. If oxygen is not present in the environment, the bacteria is fully capable of producing energy in anaerobic environments as well. Morganella morganii can be found in the soil, water, and feces. The bacteria is a common resident to the

Prokaryotes are ubiquitous, successfully adapting to diverse environments as well as developing symbiotic relationships with host organisms (Lengeler, Drews, & Schlegel, 1999). Prokaryotes may have both autotrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. A cyanobacteria is photosynthetic, commonly called blue-green algae, and may produce toxins (Crayton, 1993). Bacteria are most commonly associated in the general

pneumoniae were EMB, Oxidase, Citrate, Gelatin, Glucose, Lactose, SIM, Methyl Red, vogues Proskauer and phenylalanine. The start of the Biochemical test consisted of inoculation on regular nutrient agar and incubating for 48 hours. After incubation, gram staining was done to identify the bacterium as either gram positive or negative along with the shape of the bacterium using a microscope. The bacterium was then inoculated on EMB based on the identification of it being gram negative. After the inoculation on EMB, Oxidase, Citrate, Gelatin, Glucose, Lactose, SIM, Phenylalanine, and MR-VP were inoculated and incubated for 5 days. The results of each biochemical were observed and

Discussion The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effect of varying the amount of a limiting nutrient, glucose, on the growth of E. faecalis. I hypothesized that higher amounts of glucose would increase the bacterial growth and decrease generation time. This outcome was expected due to the fact that when limiting nutrients are completely used up by bacteria, their population stops growing. When only the amount of glucose varied, the tube with the highest concentration of glucose, Tube D, had the highest absorbance rate and the quickest generation time and the tube with the lowest concentration of glucose had the lowest absorbance and the longest generation time.

Escherichia is a genus of aerobic gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae that form acid and gas on many carbohydrates, such as dextrose and lactose, but not acetone, which include occasional pathogenic forms, including some strains of E. coli which are normally present in the human intestine as well as other forms which typically occur in soil and water (Webster). Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacilli that rarely varies in shape and size and when stained often resemble safety pins because the ends of some bacilli stain more densely than does the middle; which is a characteristic called bipolar staining which is common in enteric gram-negative bacilli (ASM). Gram negative cells have a thin cell wall layer and will stain red to pink. The staining process is the same as Gram positive, requiring four steps: applying a primary stain, adding a mordant, then rapid decolorization and completing with a counter stain. Applying the alcohol for decolorization dissolves the outer membrane and leaves small holes in the thin peptidoglycan layer through which the crystal violet-iodine diffuse. The gram-negative bacteria is colorless after the decolorization; therefore adding safranin

The bacteria that was contained within Unknown tube #12 is believed to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Figure 1. The bacteria tested to be Gram Stain negative, producing a pink, red color retained from the staining process. When the species of bacteria was plated on nutrient media, the cells produced an irregular and spreading configuration as shown in Figure 2. This same plating test provided the margins and elevation, lobate and hilly, respectively. The specimen was stabbed in a Fluid Thioglycollate Medium (FTM) tube using an inoculated loop of the bacteria. The results of this experimentation indicate the type of oxygen requirement of the bacteria. The test found the bacteria to be aerobic as colonies of the bacteria began to form along the top of the FTM tube (Manual 2017).

P. aeruginosa isolates demonstrate three types of colonies. Natural isolates from soil or water typically are a small, rough colony, while clinical isolates are likely to smooth colony types, occasionally with a fried-egg appearance that is large, smooth, with flat edges and an elevated appearance. Respiratory and urinary tract secretions may show a mucoid-type (alginate slime). P. aeruginosa has two different soluble pigments, the fluorescent pigment pyoverdin, and blue pyocyanin. Pyocyanin refers to blue pus, a typical feature of suppurative infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Pyochelin (a derivative of pyocyanin) is a siderophore and can acquire iron from the host or in low-iron environments to maintain the pathogen growth. Pyocyanin can

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen. The bacteria can cause many problems in health care facilities, especially nosocomial infections. In recent years, P. aeruginosa showed multidrug resistance against routine antibiotics (1-4). Due to the role of the resistance and its ability in environmental adaptation, P. aeruginosa is widely distributed in hospitals (5). This problem is very acute in burn

The fruits of the American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon L.) have been used as a folk remedy for urinary tract infections for a century. Active phytochemical compounds isolated from the cranberry have recently received great attention due to their anti-cancer, anti-adhesion, and anti-oxidant properties6-13. Previous studies have shown that cranberry-derived proanthocyanidins (cPACs), originally isolated for their anti-adhesion properties10,12,14, blocked swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa15. It has been also demonstrated that cranberry powder (CP) derived from whole, crushed cranberries impair the swimming and swarming motilities of Escherichia coli16 and Proteus mirabilis17. To date, not much attention given towards anti-infective