Pyschological Development and Learning Positivity

In the early 20th-century, interest in the field of child development emerged. Researchers and theorists studied the ways in which children grew, learned, and, in some instances, were shaped by societal influences (Weiland, 1993). The study of child development enables us to appreciate and understand the social, emotional, physical, educational, and cognitive growth that children go through from birth to early adulthood. Grand theories attempt to organize and arrange concepts and aspects of development using a step approach. Such as that of Erik Erikson’s theory, the Psychosocial Identity Development theory, in which he addresses the development of personal, emotional, and social progression in an individual through stages (Pretorius et al., 2015). Erikson’s model for the approach of development involves the focus of overcoming conflicts that individuals encounter over the span of their childhood that influence their ego identity, or the conscious sense of self that develops and constantly changes due to new experiences and information that is acquired through daily interactions with others and events. In Erikson’s theory, he believed that each person experienced a conflict that served as a defining moment in their development that essentially shaped who they would become later on in life; he believed that unresolved problems of adult life echoed unresolved conflicts of one’s childhood (Berger, 2011).

One of the most critical points in a person’s life is their childhood. Erik Erikson

Eric Erikson was one of the most famous theorists of the twentieth century; he created many theories. One of the most talked about theories is his theory of psychosocial development. This is a theory that describes stages in which an individual should pass as they are going through life. His theory includes nine stages all together. The original theory only included eight stages but Erikson‘s wife found a ninth stage and published it after his death. The nine stages include: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. identity confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, integrity vs. despair, and hope and faith vs. despair (Crandell and Crandell,

African American woman who is demanding to profitable to Nursing profession is a story of

I interview my next door neighbor Mrs. Ann Wilson. Mama Wilson is what the neighborhood calls her. Mrs. Wilson favorite thing to say is “Live life for you or you’ll regret it in the long run.” She always looks out for others and wouldn’t mind giving her last to whoever needs it. Mrs. Wilson is a 67-year-old African American born in New Orleans, LA but lives in Prentiss, MS has 3 kids with her husband Lorenzo, who is 70 years old. Mrs. Ann is a stay at home wife while Mr. Lorenzo is a retired Veteran. They have a two daughters, which are Michelle 36, she is a college graduate from the University of Southern Mississippi, she’s work and run a private daycare, Shanna 30, is a Jones County Junior College graduate and work at Boswell Regional Center, and a son Lee 31, who works offshore and only comes on every six weeks.

Her long-life dream was to become a Neonatal Nurse, but there was one problem, the odds of a Hispanic women living in a poor country becoming a nurse in such a high position as a career to pursue was unlikely. This has yearned me to keep my mother’s dream alive and to become someone like my mother who has overworked for me and my brother days and nights just to keep a speck of food in the fridge. As a result of my mother’s life, she has shaped me into becoming a reinforced, passionate, and resourceful woman that is able to take on life’s challenges.

She said that the world was safer when she was growing up. Sandra (Nana) grew up in the sixties in the small town of Fayette. During the sixties, not many houses had air conditioning, including her house. Central air was just becoming available. Including central air, new automatic car gadgets were becoming available. Before automatic car parts, windows were rolled up with a hand crank and trunks were opened with a key. During Nana’s high school career there were no computers; you had to go to the library if you wanted to research a topic. Since there were no computers, she learned to type on a typewriter. Nana’s senior year of high school included many turning points. She married her first husband, started college part-time, and became pregnant with her first child. By her senior year she had the minimum credits to graduate, but still had to stay in school so she took college classes at Spoon River college. She gave birth to her first child, my mom, in August of 1977. She had to quit the program she started at Spoon River so she could take care of my mom. She eventually went to Western University to receive her bachelor’s, but could only go part-time because she had to take care of her second child. Unfortunately, her and her husband divorced in 2000. Nana remarried in 2003 and seven years later received her master’s in education. My Nana has had many learning experiences over her lifetime and is truly

Identifying Information: Rosa Lee is a feisty African American female who grew up poor on the fringes of a Capitol Hill neighborhood. Her parents were sharecroppers who had migrated to the city. Rosa Lee had eight children, six boys and two girls, over an 11 year stretch; she was 14 years old when she had her first born. While pregnant with her first child, Rosa Lee dropped out of school without having learned to read. At age 16, Rosa Lee got married; the marriage only lasted a few months. She supported her family by waitressing in

Late adulthood in Erikson’s life stage theory is the difference between in integrity versus despair. (Ashford & Lecroy, 2013, p. 99) Doris has found her life to be very satisfying. The only thing she wishes could have been changed is the passing of her husband so early. She is content and proud of the way her children have turned out and where her life is currently. We have talked much about how things were as she raised her children and even that of when she was a child. Cappeliez calls this the reminiscence bump, the ability to recall memories from adolescence through young adulthood. (2008, p. 1) She appreciates the life she has been fortunate to have and enjoys sharing the memories she has. I observed the way her face lit up as we talked about her as a child and her children.

Kay was a bright 28 year old woman who had gone to college at the University of Washington and majored in nursing for eight years. She was very intelligent woman and was pushing barriers as a woman in nursing during the 1960’s. She was now interning at Little Creek Family Practice. Kay was raised in Washington, with her mom, Linda, her dad, James, and her brother, Michael. They grew up with a liveable amount of money, not too poor, not too rich. College wasn’t very special for her, sure she met new people and learned a lot, it wasn’t going to be the highlight of her life. She had graduated in 1968 with 8 years of medical school. She then started her internship with Little Creek.

As human beings age, according to Erik Erikson, they go through developmental stages that help to create and transform their personalities. If needs are met and the ego is gratified, then the individual is able to move on to the next challenge. Onward they march in life and in stage until they find the end level: integrity versus despair. This has been categorized as adults 65 years and older by Erikson. Here, people are to reminisce and judge their lives in terms of merit or disappointment. Erikson himself had a lot to comb through in his later years.

Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg are famous theorist who have contributed a lot to the nursing profession. Erikson’s theory is about psychosocial development whereas Kohlberg’s theory is about moral development. Erikson has eight stages, that he believed were accomplished at different periods of life, in his theory of psychosocial development starting with; trust versus mistrust during infancy; autonomy versus shame or doubt experienced at a toddler age; initiative versus inferiority during preschool and school-aged period; identity versus identity confusion during adolescence; intimacy versus isolation experienced as a young adult; generativity versus stagnation experienced as a middle-aged adult; and lastly integrity versus despair

The final psychological conflict in Erikson’s theory, ego integrity versus despair, involves coming to terms with one’s life. Adults who arrive at a sense of integrity

Erik Erikson is known for his psychoanalytic theory of psychosocial development comprising eight stages from infancy to adulthood. Psychologist Erik Erikson, is a major contributor to developmental psychology, who proposed a comprehensive theory of the ways that individuals develop their identity, a sense of who they are, and society's influence on that development. Erikson stated that people go through crisis at each stage of their lives. The stages each had a developmental task to be mastered. As an individual resolved these various crises an individual would have a better harmony with their social environment that they live in. If an individual could not successfully resolve a crisis, they would be” out of step”, and the individual would have a greater difficulty in their dealing with a crisis in the future. Erikson did however recognize that an individual can develop through a stage negatively and still go on with their life. Erikson stated that each of the psychological stages have a basic conflict and important event leading to growth. The theory was developed from his hundreds of clinical observations in children.

For my life journey I have chose to use Eric Erikson’s theory I have decided to use his theory because to me his theory suited my life appropriately. Eric Erikson is a well known theorist from the twentieth century, he has produced many theories. One of his most known and recognized theory is the psychosocial development. This theory describes the steps a person goes through in life. There are nine stages in his theory. Originally his theory only eight steps, but his wife found the last step after his death and published it. The nine stages are: trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy and soliditary vs. isolation, generativity vs. self absorption and stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. Although, I have not gone through all of these steps yet due to my age I am only twenty two. I will speak about the steps I have gone through so far.