Qualitative Article Critique

Maternal mortality represents more than the loss of lives for individual women, as it also reflects the larger value and prioritization of women 's health and threatens the health and survival of families, young children, and even the communities in which they live (Royston and Armstrong, 1989). Maternal mortality is unacceptably high (WHO, 2015b). Globally, approximately 830 women die every day from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications (ibid.). The causes of maternal mortality are predominately preventable and can be classified into three fundamental causes: (1) medical - consisting of direct medical problems and pre-existent/coexistent medical problems that are aggravated by pregnancy, (2) underlying - social and legal conditions, and (3) health systems laws and policies that address availability, accessibility, and quality of reproductive health services (PHP et al, 2011).

A general understanding of the history of midwifery is important when considering why it would have such a positive effect on indigenous women’s health. Acculturation diminished the traditional midwifery practices and there is evidence that the health of indigenous women has suffered. Midwifery was an old indigenous tradition that was gradually eliminated throughout acculturation. The Skye article states that in the 20th century, there were laws passed that made midwifery illegal and punishable by law. (Skye, 2010) This caused negative effects on health because there was no longer a focus on the overall wellbeing of the individual and the loss of culture was a traumatic experience for indigenous populations in Canada. The article also states that midwives were highly respected in indigenous culture and midwives shared a spiritual connection with the mother, child, family and whole community. It outlines that midwives coached the mother and community throughout all stages of pregnancy. They ensured that all of the needs of the mother were met nutritionally, physically, and spiritually. Midwives also performed the role of educators to their communities and they passed on many traditions and aided in spiritual development and healing. Throughout the process of acculturation, knowledge of health and traditional medicine was lost. (Skye, 2010) The Caroll article talks about the historical

To critique this article, I will use LoBiondo-Wood and Haber’s guidelines and information from the text Nursing research in Canada.

After revising the key terms, additional searches were made using both CINAHL and MEDLINE databases, with each article being evaluated and better search mechanisms being applied. In this search the key words preterm AND aboriginal women were used with the result being relatively successful, however there were still a number of articles that were not all applicable. I then decided to go through each article and critique how each study was conducted and what information it could provide to increase my knowledge on the factors that affect preterm birth. Additionally I also looked at which articles provided the highest level of evidence using NHMRC guidelines, as well as observing the number of people who had cited the source (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2015). Being more specific in database searches was a skill that became vital in the search process (Symmons, 2013). For example, I also chose synonyms such as, ‘neonatal outcomes’ and ‘premature pregnancy’ so articles relevant to preterm birth could be discovered. By establishing effective search terms, evaluating the reliability of the source, restricting

The study identifies several studies that focus on variables, but none that fulfil the whole sample criteria. Finding a gap in previous research is justification for the study (Polit & Tatano Beck, 2006). The literature review states studies that cite that operative delivery is associated with bonding difficulties (Rowe- Murray & Fisher, 2001), vaginally delivered women had more positive perceptions (Fawcett et al.,2007), women who had a high level of obstetric intervention were more likely to have trauma symptoms (Creedy et al., 2001), and birth experience affects postpartum development (Stadmayr et al., 2004). To summarise the cited literature, women that have a caesarean section or instrumental delivery are more likely to suffer from feelings of ill health and difficulty in parental transition. This is a limitation of the research. As these are proven factors, including them in the criteria for participant selection could discredit the study as they are already well known implications without the phenomena of prolonged labour. In addition to this, the same researchers had previously devised a case referent study investigating negative birth experiences following prolonged labour (Nysted et al., 2005). This is not disclosed or referred to within this study. A study should describe how it enhances existing knowledge (Holloway & Wheeler, 2002). As the findings of

Crombie & Davies (1997) stated that the article title gives an understanding of what the study is going to be about and the author intentions of how the study will be done. The

Are you a mother-to-be? Are you having trouble trying to figure out whether to have a homebirth or a hospital birth? I sure hope that this paper will

Participants: The participants will be two hundred and fifty mother child dyads (250 moms, 250 babies). The clinical sample will be recruited from an area that is a high-risk environment for a child. Risk factors include, socioeconomic status, low educational level and chaotic living conditions. The reasoning for this is because, as mentioned previously, around 85% of children from this type of community

Centre for Maternal and Child Enquiries (CMACE) (2011) Saving mothers’ lives; reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer: 2006-2008. BJOG 18(1): 1-203. London. Blackwell Synergy.

12) In this study Adult, women who had not recently given birth women were found through brochures distributed in GP’s offices and women’s health clinics. Many of the women dropped out early on in the study before the first appointment and some women were excluded due to their health history. The average age of participants was 50.5 years old and were mostly Australian born. Most participants were also married, in paid employment and education level was above the Austrian average for women of their age group.

In his article, "Why are so many U.S. women dying during childbirth?", Munz (2012) pointed out that U.S. is experiencing a rise in maternal mortality. It has doubled for the last 25 years and the experts are uncertain about the increase. Experts are not entirely clear for the rise in the maternal deaths in the U.S., but there are some aspects that may be link to this.

Transition into whether or not the techniques to increase the birth rate actually worked or not and how these techniques as well as pregnancy affect women and their ability to work

During the last trimester of the mother pregnancy and the during the babies early life, the mother becomes completely aloof of her needs, and is completely focused on her baby needs. The mother adheres

decided to research How a Pregnant Woman's Choices Could Shape a Child's Health. When women find out that they are pregnant they filled with many different emotions. They think they have to change their whole life style to accompany their pregnant body. In some aspect you might have such as if you were an avid smoker and a daily drinker. I believe most of this is based on the women's decision what she wants to eat, continue her fitness routine or have her daily glass of wine. There are some women that don't care what they eat or what they drink while pregnant while there are other women are constantly watching what they eat and how much caffeine they intake.

Prenatal care is widely accepted as an important element in improving pregnancy outcome. (Gorrie, McKinney, Murray, 1998). Prenatal care is defined as care of a pregnant woman during the time in the maternity cycle that begins with conception and ends with the onset of labor. A medical, surgical, gynecologic, obstretic, social and family history is taken (Mosby's Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary, 1998). It is important for a pregnant woman as well as our society to know that everything that you do has an effect on your baby. Because so many women opt not to receive the benefits of prenatal care, our society sees the ramification, which include a variety of complications primarily