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Qualitative Exploratory Study

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Methods
Gipsh et al.’s (2004) study design was non-experimental exploratory survey and the study sampling was a non-probability convenience sampling strategy. As shown in table 1, a total of 42 participants, aging 47 to 83 years and with 31% men and 69% women, were recruited in the study (Gipsh et al., 2004).
Table 1
Demographic variables; Age and Gender (Gipsh et al., 2004).
Age Groups Men Women %
47 – 49 2 3 9.5
50 – 59 3 10 31
60 – 69 4 7 26
70 – 79 4 8 28.5
80 – 83 0 2 5

Gipsh et al.’s (2004) study setting was a waiting room in a general practitioner’s office in San Jose, California. Typed questionnaires along with a cover letter and a consent form, pencils, and clipboards were distributed on the patients before seeing the physician; then …show more content…

John, Ambikapathy, and Garner (1984) and consisted of 14 items with eleven questions to measure the Health Belief Model constructs. Gipsh et al. (2004) assessed three other variables in the questionnaire. First, the participants’ subjective stress responses related to the threat of colorectal cancer was assessed by asking the participants to choose one phrase, from a list of negative and positive words, that best describes their feelings about the chance of getting colorectal cancer. Second, the participants’ attitude towards detection of a serious disease was measured by a forced choice type of question between whether it is better not to know about having a serious illness for as long as possible or it is better to find out early by having a screening test (Gipsh et al., 2004). Lastly, Gipsh et al. measured the perceived attitude of the participants’ spouses whether they would like participants to undergo colonoscopy. The variables of the HBM constructs were measured by a 5-point Likert-Like scale, whereas the other three variables were assessed in an ordinal level by a Yes/No/Maybe type of questions (Gipsh et al., 2004). The study stated that the questionnaire has an established test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.87 and high face validity (Gipsh et al., 2004). The authors did not distinguish between the independent and dependent variables. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis;

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