Quantitative Ultrasound (BMD)

The management of osteoporosis patients start with the diagnosis by rolling out secondary causes and then confirm it by measuring bone mineral density (BMD). After that, begin the treatment with lifestyle changes, pharmacological medications, and surgery for some fractures if needed. In this essay I will cover generally the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of osteoporosis in five steps.

Bone Mineral Density. Among the site(s) at danger for osteoporotic breaks, the bone site that is generally reliably appeared in studies to be connected with decreased bone mineral thickness (BMD) in DM1 is the hip. While a few exemptions exist [43], most studies show mediocre hip BMD among those with DM1 contrasted with controls without diabetes. In a meta-examination consolidating consequences of five studies, Vestergaard showed a huge diminishment in 푍 scores at the hip (푍score: −0.37±0.16, 푃 < 0.05) among patients with DM1 contrasted with controls. Discoveries from a case control study by Eller-Vainicher and others were comparable, where a diminishment in femoral neck BMD 푍 scores was seen among patients with DM1 (−0.32 ± 0.14) contrasted with controls (0.63 ± 1.0, 푃 < 0.0001) coordinated for age, BMI, and

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized but the mass of bone is decreased and structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired. Cortical bone becomes more porous and thinner, making bone weaker and prone to fractures. The World Health Organization (WHO)(1994) has defines postmenopausal osteoporosis abased on the bone density. Bone density is based on the number of standard deviations away from the mean bone mineral density of a young adult reference population, a T-score. Normal bone mass density is 0 to -.99 standard deviations, low bone density (osteopenia) is -1.0 to -2.49 standard deviations, osteoporosis is labeled as less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations, and severe osteoporosis is less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations and included a bone fracture.

Osteoporosis is a degenerative disease of the bones generally brought on by the process of aging, unfortunately there can also be a number of underlying or secondary causes; however, preventative care and drug treatments can minimize the severity of this prevalent disease. Osteoporosis has been estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide (Bethel, 2015). According to the National Osteoporosis Foundation, 9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis and an additional 43.1 million have low bone density.

When I tell a person that I want to pursue a degree in Diagnostic Medical Ultrasound their first thought is babies. Which I don’t blame them because that is the part of ultrasound we are exposed most too. But ultrasound is so much more than just seeing an unborn baby. There are so many amazing things that ultrasounds can do. DMU is an imaging technique used to visualize the tissue structures/internal organs of the body by recording the returning reflections of ultrasonic waves with the purpose of pathology diagnosis. There are two names it goes by, ultrasound and sonography. These two terms are often used interchangeably. Ultrasound uses sound and acoustics to produce images that are then reflected back in real time.

Osteoporosis is an age related disorder, more common in females compared to males. Osteoporosis is defined as a “skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to increased risk of fractures (Manolagaas, 2014). Osteoporosis is defined as “a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (What is osteoporosis?2014). Osteoporosis is sometimes also referred as “silent thief” as the bone loss occurs very slowly and silently without any symptoms (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). The most common site for fracture due to osteoporosis is hip followed by humerus (Woltman & den Hoed, 2010) . Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although it is a disorder common in females (especially post-menopausal females). Everyone is prone to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). According to Osteoporosis Canada, 1 in 3 Canadian females and 1 in 5 Canadian males may suffer fractures due to osteoporosis during their lifetime (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Canadian health care system spends 1.2 billion dollars for the acute hospitalization caused by osteoporosis and in 2010 the health care system spent 3.9 billion dollars for the total treatment of osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Osteoporosis can be screened and diagnosed by various methods; however the dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used. If the T-score values are less than -1 and greater than -2.5SD it is termed as osteopenia,

Older adults with low bone density are at significant risk of getting Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is known as a systemic skeletal disease with the characteristics of low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration of bone tissues [1]. Osteoporosis is usually diagnosed by testing an individual bone mass density. A score of -1.0 or above is the normal state an individual wants to get as a result after he or she takes the DXA-test (an instrument used to measure bone density). Anything below -1.0 and -2.5 means the individual has low bone density and should do something about it. Osteoporosis increases a person chances of bone fracture due to bone fragility. Bone mass density decreases as people age making osteoporosis more prevalent among older individuals [2]. In the US, there are more than 2 million fractures occurs annually as a result of osteoporosis, including 550,000 vertebral fractures and 300,000 hip fractures [3, 4]. Hospitalization, long-term care, impaired quality of life, disability and death are usually the events that occur after Osteoporotic fractures in older adults [5]. Osteoporosis is a viral disease that takes freedom away from older adults. It puts fear in older adult’s everyday life, which then leads to them not living their lives to the fullest like they would like to because they are afraid of breaking a bone or two which would lead to expensive medical bills. This limits the activities they can participate in or just makes them antisocial because if they aren’t going outside to “play”, they’ll be alone inside their room which could lead to depression and a very

Sandra is a 34yo, G5 P0311, who was seen for a follow-up ultrasound assessment. As you know, she has a complicated obstetrical history with one 36 week preterm delivery and 3 other losses that occurred between 19 and 22 weeks gestation. Those 3 losses are complicated in that she has PPROM and some bleeding but was also found to have advanced cervical dilation. This brought up the question of potential incompetent cervix and the need for cerclage. This will again be discussed further below. She does have a history of chronic HTN but is currently not on treatment and her BP is normal at 104/84 and her urine evaluation is negative. She also does have some issues with anxiety and depression but again is stable without treatment. Based on

Osteoporosis is a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. In osteoporosis the bone mineral density (BMD) is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in women as a bone mineral density 2.5 standard deviations below peak bone mass (20-year-old healthy female average) as measured by DXA; the term "established osteoporosis" includes the presence of a fragility fracture.[1] Osteoporosis is most common in women after menopause, when it is called postmenopausal osteoporosis, but may also develop in men, and may occur in anyone in the presence of particular hormonal

When preparing to screen women for osteoporosis, the provider should advise the patient on the values that indicate osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is diagnosed with a T-score of -2.5 or below of the hip, femoral neck, or lumbar spine (AACE, 2010). The T-score compares an individual’s BMD with the mean value of a younger individual and expresses the difference as a standard deviation (AACE, 2010). Several types of bone densitometries can be done to obtain a T-score. The most common is the DXA method. However, a single photon absorptiometry (SPA), quantitative computed tomography (QCT), radiographic absorptiometry, and ultrasound can also be performed (AAFP, 2009). The fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) is a tool used to determine if an individual is at risk for fractures (AACE, 2010).

The purpose of my report is to recommend, everyone older than 45 years old and up , the need to see a doctor and start to check their bone density periodically in order to lower the risk to get osteoporosis. In case that osteoporosis has been found in the patient, guide him or her to find the best way to revert it to anterior state , if it were possible.

Osteoporosis can be detected by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. According to Rozental, Shah, Chacko and Zurakowski (2010), DXA is currently the gold standard for assessing bone mineral density. Once the elderly have found out they have osteoporosis, most turn to traditional therapies which include biphosphonates. Biphosphonates are the most widely used drug for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. According to Mamtani and Kulkarni (2009), biphosphonates inhibit osteoclast actions that reduce bone resorption. In simpler terms, these drugs increase bone mineral density and decrease bone breakdown in individuals. It also reduces the risk of fractures and prevents

Objectives: 1. Evaluate the impact of RA on bone mineral density (BMD) on non-menopausal women. 2. Examine variables associated with low BMD in patients with RA.

It is also estimated that over 200 million people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis. In the United States and Europe alone, nearly 30% of all postmenopausal women are currently suffering from the disease. Since osteoporosis is highly associated with bone fractures, it is estimated that it causes over 8.9 million fractures worldwide each year, which results in a bone fracture every 3 seconds. It has also been shown that once a person has sustained an initial bone fracture due to osteoporosis, there is an 86% increase in probability that they will sustain an additional fracture. By 2050, projections are estimating that the worldwide incidence of hip fracture in women will increase by 240%, while it will increase by 310% in men. This will mean that the number of hip fractures due to osteoporosis will increase from 1.66 million cases in 1990 to 6.26 million cases by the year of 2050 (International Osteoporosis Foundation, 2015). The picture below shows this