Question # 7 From D2L: What Are Mutations Bad?

A mutation is a change or error in an organism’s DNA, while the organism is still developing. The DNA that is replicated is not functional, so the cells follow the wrong set of instructions, which prevents the organism from developing normally. Cells that follow the wrong set of instructions, often leads the organism to growing an extra limb, or the organism may develop a disease/disorder. Some mutations can cause an organism to be missing an important protein. The organism’s proteins are important, they make up mostly the whole organism’s body. Parents with mutations usually pass down their genes to their offspring. Mutations are usually genetic. Environment also plays a role in causing mutations, smoking, sunlight, and radiation are mostly

Mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene. A mutation may produce

In this phase the spindles start to appear in their formation while the nuclear membrane starts to disappear. During prophase the cell prepares to divide. By tightly condensing its chromosomes and creating the spindle formation, called chromosome condensation. In prophase chromatin fibers condense into chromosomes this stage which are long, thin and thread-like. In this stage chromosomes have two chromatids, joined by a centromere. In metaphase, the centrosomes begin pulling the chromosomes towards the other side of the cell. The building of tension causes makes the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate or equatorial plane. Then they have to pass a checkpoint to move on to anaphase. The metaphase checkpoint makes sure that the kinetochores ( a protein structure on chromatids where spindle fibers are attached to ) are properly attached to the mitotic spindle and they check that the chromosomes are along the metaphase plate. Nearing the end of the process anaphase described to combine sister chromatids together, forming two identical daughter chromosomes. Later on in anaphase, chromosomes reach their condensation

In order to descry the term mutation, it is crucial to grasp the definition of the word error. According the Merriam-Webster, error is “a deficiency or imperfection in structure or function.” Errors are mistakes; mistakes in nature occur in the formations of nucleotides, which is what makes up DNA. As stated by journalist, Rachel Rettner, nucleotides are composed of “four types of nitrogen bases,” which include: “adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).” The sequence of the bases manipulates the instructions of DNA, and changes the genetic codes. When genetic codes are introduced to random influences an error occurs in the DNA formation and causes new recessive genes; these genes are called mutations. Mutation are a genetic error,

Moreover, mutation is a result of the change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA. The cause of mutations is commonly attained in the somatic cells.

There are two ways that that an organism can develop beneficial mutations, sexual reproduction and whenever there are mistakes during DNA replication. There is an enzyme call DNA polymerase that is in charge of proofreading the template strand. It reads the newly added base to make sure it is paired up correctly. However

The beginning and required step before mitotic division happens is interphase. Interphase is the longest step because the parent cell has to replicate its DNA and go through checkpoints to make sure that there have been no problems with the cell. The first step of mitotic division is prophase,

In order to better understand genetics, and what makes us who we are, it is important to first understand cell division/reproduction. Mitosis is the division of the nucleus that produces two daughter cells identical to themselves and to the original cell. Cytokinesis, which is the division of the cytoplasm, follows this process. The process of mitosis has five stages that are proceeded by interphase, which is a period for cell growth and development. Mitosis begins with prophase, which is when chromatids condense, centrosomes move to opposite poles, and mitotic spindles form from centrosomes. Prometaphase follows, during which the nuclear membrane disintegrates. During metaphase, the chromosomes line up in the middle on the equatorial plate,

There are four stages of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. In prophase the chromatin shrinks into separate chromosomes, and the nuclear envelope breaks down and forms

In prophase, chromosomes begin to condense while the nucleoli and nuclear membranes fragmented. Metaphase begins with complete nuclear membrane fragmentation. Chromosomes will attach to the kinetochore microtubules, which extend from the centrioles and align the chromosomes at the center of the cell. Anaphase will begin to shorten microtubules drawing one chromatid to each pole of the cell. Telophase will decondense the nuclear membrane fragments in order to go through cytokinesis and form two new daughter cells. Throughout the entire mitosis cell cycle the number of different sets of chromosomes remained the same, 2n. The number of different set of genes began with 2N, increased to 4N and then ended with 2N at the end of the

A mutation is when a change in the DNA sequence occurs. Some mutations cause diseases, variations, or no affect at all.

Mutations are unusual changes in the DNA of a gene.DNA is made up of building blocks called 'bases' and it is the order of these bases that determines each individual gene and its function. Mutations occur with changes in the arrangement of these bases that make up genes. Just one base change can have a drastic effect on a gene and its function.

The end goal of meiosis includes twice as many daughter cells as mitosis; therefore, there is a second cell division involve similar stages. Interphase is different in meiosis than in mitosis because each individual homologue is replicated instead of replicating one chromosome. Mitosis involves the replication of somatic cells that are haploid; whereas, meiosis involves the manufacturing of gametes that are genetically haploid. In prophase I paired homologues are attracted to one another at the synapsis and a process called crossing over takes place. Crossing over involves a genetic rearrangement of DNA of the same segments. Otherwise prophase 1 is similar to prophase in mitosis. In metaphase I chromosomes line up in homologous pairs, otherwise this stage is similar to metaphase in mitosis. Anaphase I, Telophase I, and cytokinesis is the same in meiosis as in mitosis except, two haploid cells form with each chromosome still consisting of two sister chromatids. The second stage of meiosis involves all the same steps except there is no crossing over involves because each cell is now genetically haploid. The set of sister chromatids undergoes prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, and cytokinesis. The sister chromatids finally separate resulting in four haploid daughter cells containing unduplicated chromosomes. In prophase I crossing over took place, and this results in each chromosome being genetically different in each of the four daughter

There are many types of disorders and diseases caused by a mutation in the human genome, a fundamental building block of DNA. Achondroplasia has been classified for a long period of time, but it was only around twenty years ago that the cause was discovered. This disorder happens to be caused by a simple change of base in an autosomal chromosome. This is commonly a transitional mutation that causes a simple change in protein structure. Most of the individuals with Achondroplasia have similar mutations at a common nucleotide. Achondroplasia is a classification of dwarfism, which is a genetic disorder that causes a mutation on an autosomal chromosome with a change in a single nucleotide.

How do different types of mutations in genes affect the function of an organism? The answer is a very lengthy one, however small mutations such as adding or deleting a letter in a DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, sequence may dramatically change the health of an organism. Mutations are changes of the DNA in an organism's DNA sequence. There are three main kinds of mutations, substitution, deletion, and insertion. Substitution many times is the least fatal because only a specific letter changes so only the amino acid of the letter is affected. Deletion is when a letter is removed from a DNA sequence, this change usually affects all amino acids after. Insertion is when a letter is inserted into the DNA sequence, this change also usually affect most amino acids after the change. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA/RNA molecule. Huntington's