Questions On The Urinary System

Consequently, the efferent arteriole, which filters blood away from the glomerulus, is tinier in diameter than the afferent arteriole, which carries blood into each glomerulus. This puts blood under high pressure in the glomerulus; thus it forces tiny molecules and liquid out of the capillary and into the Bowman’s capsule. Soon afterwards, the tiny and liquid molecules cross the epithelium of the Bowman’s capsule, the basement membrane and capillary wall in order to get into the Bowman’s capsule and to arrive in the nephron tubules. The consequence of this is that the filtrate (the tiny and liquid molecules) pass along the remainder of the nephron and helpful substances are reabsorbed along the route. Last of all, “the filtrate flows through the collecting duct and passes out of the kidney along the ureter” as mentioned by (Parson’s, R: p128).

Works in conjunction with the blood supply to carry waste products away from the area.

In addition the nephron is divided into several segments. The Henie cell includes a special transporter called sodium-potassium-2, chloride contransporter (nkcc) that allows the kidney to produce urine (biology.com). The distal tubule cell help contain thiazide-sensitive sodium filtered by the kidney on a daily basis, and the collecting duct that have two cells responsible for acid base hemostasis. The alpha intercalated cell controls the excess of secretion and reabsorbing base (form of bicarbonates) and the beta intercalated cell which includes the same function (biology.com).

A cover slip is added and filter paper is used to absorb any excess liquid. We then drew our observation by observing cells under 40X then 100X and then high power 400x using a microscope. In addition, for a slide 3, we placed 1 drop of 10% Sodium Chloride solution onto the slide with the drop of blood. Then we added a cover slip, observed cells under a microscope and observation is made. Lastly, for a slide 4, 1 drop of distilled water is placed onto the slide with the drop of blood. Due to excess liquid, filter paper is used to remove the unnecessary liquid. Then the slide is placed under 40X then 100X and then higher 400X power in a microscope to investigate the diffusion through living

The loop of Henle is a part of the kidney tubule that forms a lengthened loop within the medulla of the kidney, this is where water and salts are resorbed into the blood. The osmolarity which is the concentration of a solution that is to assert the total number of solute particles in each litre. Osmolarity within the interstitium (interstitial space within a tissue or organ) continues to rise constantly from the cortex further to the medulla and also the papilla through repeating of the single effect by counter current flow that occurs in the branches of the loop. The ascending and descending counter current exchanges of solutes through the renal medullary capillaries helps to reduce solute washout from within the medullary interstitium. Counter current system also authorises the forming of concentrated urine by the existence of ADH, this helps to increase water permeability, hyposmotic fluid travels from the thick ascending limb then enters the distal tubule. Although, it effects the urine concentration by losing majority of its water through osmotic equilibration, also it affects urine concentration due to the continual loss of NaCI through the reabsorbtive along the Distal tubule, CNT and the CCD. Counter current also authorises the forming of dilute urine which has no ADH present. Hyposmotic fluid also

acts as a one-way drainage system transporting fluid from body tissues into the blood circulation

The placement of a drainage tube into a kidney. The tube will allow urine to drain into a container outside the body.

There are two kidneys, each about the size of a fist, located on either side of the spine at the lowest level of the rib cage in the human body. Each kidney contains up to a million functioning units called nephrons (CJASN). A nephron consists of a filtering unit of tiny blood vessels called a glomerulus attached to a tubule, is a general anatomical term referring to any portion of the tubule of the nephron or of the collection duct system of the kidney (American Society of Nephrology). More specifically referring to that part of the nephron distal to the renal corpuscle and glomerulus and consisting of the proximal convoluted tubule. The loop of the nephron and the distal convoluted tubule; these tubules are lined with a simple, usually cuboidal, epithelium and they use a variety of passive and active transport mechanisms to modify the composition of the plasma filtrate derived from the renal corpuscle and glomerulus converting it into urine. When blood enters the glomerulus, it is filtered and the remaining fluid then passes along the tubule. In the tubule, chemicals and water are either added to or removed from this filtered fluid according to the body's needs, the final product being the urine we excrete (American Society of Nephrology). Kidney disease can be triggered by many factors: diabetes, high blood pressure, congenital abnormalities as well as genetics (National Kidney Foundation). Different ethnicities also have a higher rate of

The Urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, a single urinary bladder and a single urethra. The Kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity, with the right kidney just below the liver, and the left kidney below the spleen. The ureters extend from the kidneys to the urinary bladder within the pelvic cavity. An adrenal gland is located at the superior pole of each kidney. The kidneys are located behind the parietal peritoneum. Surrounding each kidney is the perirenal fat. The renal

The urogenital tract which is also known as the genitourinary system involves organs that are used for sexual reproduction and the formation and secretion of urine both in men and woman. The urinary tract consists of the bladder, kidneys, ureters, and urethra. The kidneys remove metabolic wastes from the blood. Ureters are a pair of tubular organs that extend from the kidney to the bladder. The bladder stores urine and empties it into the urethra as an exit. In males, the urethra is also a terminal organ of the reproductive tract. The male reproductive system also produces, maintains and transports sperms cells, source of male sex hormones. Females have a shorter ureter compared to males. As a result, bacteria can access the bladder easier

The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. It consists of a renal corpuscle where fluid can be filtered and a renal tubule where the filtered fluid flows through. Nephrons perform three basic functions, Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. Glomerular filtration occurs as pressure (glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure) forces water and dissolved blood components through the endothelial pores of the capillaries, basement membrane, and on through the filtration slits of the adjoining visceral wall of the glomerular capsule. The resulting fluid is called the filtrate. Most substances in blood plasma are filtered by the renal corpuscle. However, blood cells and most proteins are not filtered. Filtration of blood depends on the force of glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure. Filtration fraction is the percentage of

Both ascending and descending limbs are found in the loop of Henle, the purpose of the loop is to lessen the amount of water within the urine but make sure that the concentration doesn’t change. This then produces a hypertonic medulla – this means that it helps the loop of Henle reabsorb water but also helps the collecting ducts by reabsorption of water. This is due to them reaching the renal pelvis through the medulla. There are 3 parts of the limbs – thin descending and ascending and also thick ascending. The thin descending limb doesn’t have any active transport and have a simple squamous epithelium just like the thin ascending limb. The only difference is the thin ascending limb doesn’t have active transport of salt. The thin descending

Then, Blood is drawn from the vein in the patient’s arm and is allowed to be pumped through the tubing in the dialysis machine. Secondly, he tubing is bathed in a specially controlled dialysis fluid. Since the walls of the dialysis machine are partially permeable, small molecules such as Urea and other metabolic waste products will diffuse out of the tubing into the dialysis fluid. The filtered blood will then return to the vein in the patient’s arm. The dialysis Machine helps eliminate extra fluid off the body and also helps restore the proper balance of electrolytes in the

The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is the site where filtering, absorption, and secretion actually occur. There are around 1 million nephrons in each kidney. This filtration is carried out in what is called the renal corpuscle (the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule). The filtration of fluid is ideal at the

The excretory (GUT) system includes the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra and the male and female genitalia