Qus Techniques Used In The Use Of QUS Methods

Materials for this laboratory included Microsoft excel to compile data, a pen and paper to record data, a 15cm ruler, string, a caliper, and a two meter ruler. Since bones often times vary in width in certain portions of the same bone due to the presence of joints and processes the bone was measured at the midpoint along its length for its true width. Measurements

Osteoporosis, meaning porous bone from the Greek language, is bone disease that gradually and steadily wears down bone tissue and its living cells. This wearing down will eventually cause the cells of bone tissue to degrade and die, leaving their “scaffolding” to be the only things only bone together. Without living cells to take up a home in this scaffolding, minor injuries such as falls, bumping into objects, and pressure that would normally be completely and would not pose any threat to bone tissue suddenly becomes a real hazard that can easily pose a threat to one’s well-being. Osteoporosis affects a person skeletal system.

Osteoporosis is a disorder of bones that affects bones making them low in bone mass fragile and will lead to bone fracture. Bone fracture will easily occur as this disease cause the matrix inside the bone become weak and brittle.Bones can become so brittle due to activities such as coughing can cause fractures.According to Macgill (2015) the origin of the word osteoporosis explain the condition of ‘osteo’ is for bone and ‘porosis’ means porous that resulting in weakness. At this condition, the bone tissue is mineralized normally, but the production is not enough to preserve the normal skeletal architecture. 80% of women and 20% men of 28 million American are affected with the osteoporosis. Approximately, women with the age of 50 will develop osteoporosis. Thin bones are the cause of 1.5 million fractures a year. As in Malaysia, the statistic shows that osteoporosis related to fractured is the common health problem especially in elderly..

As generally stated in the introduction, osteoporosis is a skeletal disorder that involves the strength and integrity of one’s bones. The WHO defines osteoporosis as, “a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low-bone mass, deterioration of bone tissue, increased bone fragility, and its susceptibly to recurrent fractures.” 2 The most important factor to take into account when addressing osteoporosis is the mass of bone, also referred to as, bone mineral density (BMD). As bone mass begins to decline, typically in the older population, specifically postmenopausal women, individuals are at an increased risk for fractures.3 As a result of this serious condition, many people are affected by morbidity, mortality, and economic difficulty.1

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized but the mass of bone is decreased and structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired. Cortical bone becomes more porous and thinner, making bone weaker and prone to fractures. The World Health Organization (WHO)(1994) has defines postmenopausal osteoporosis abased on the bone density. Bone density is based on the number of standard deviations away from the mean bone mineral density of a young adult reference population, a T-score. Normal bone mass density is 0 to -.99 standard deviations, low bone density (osteopenia) is -1.0 to -2.49 standard deviations, osteoporosis is labeled as less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations, and severe osteoporosis is less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations and included a bone fracture.

Osteoporosis is an age related disorder, more common in females compared to males. Osteoporosis is defined as a “skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to increased risk of fractures (Manolagaas, 2014). Osteoporosis is defined as “a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (What is osteoporosis?2014). Osteoporosis is sometimes also referred as “silent thief” as the bone loss occurs very slowly and silently without any symptoms (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). The most common site for fracture due to osteoporosis is hip followed by humerus (Woltman & den Hoed, 2010) . Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although it is a disorder common in females (especially post-menopausal females). Everyone is prone to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). According to Osteoporosis Canada, 1 in 3 Canadian females and 1 in 5 Canadian males may suffer fractures due to osteoporosis during their lifetime (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Canadian health care system spends 1.2 billion dollars for the acute hospitalization caused by osteoporosis and in 2010 the health care system spent 3.9 billion dollars for the total treatment of osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Osteoporosis can be screened and diagnosed by various methods; however the dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used. If the T-score values are less than -1 and greater than -2.5SD it is termed as osteopenia,

Osteoporosis is a loss of bone mineral density often associated with old age, leading to bone fragility and fracture. Because the bones are weakened, such fractures can result from relatively minor traumas such as carrying grocery bags or even a sneeze! Fractures to the hip can be due to a fall and can significantly compromise quality of life and ability to walk. Statistics show that 1 in 4 American women and 1 in 8 American men over 50 have osteoporosis. This is a very disheartening statistic considering that osteoporosis is a largely preventable condition. Osteoporosis is also usually clinically silent until a fracture occurs, so it can go unnoticed for years. This is why bone density scans (DEXA scans) are often recommended to postmenopausal women.

Generally, bone can be classified into two categories according to its structure, cortical (compact) and trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone. Cortical bone is stiff, with 5–10% porosity, and it makes up approximately 80% of skeletal bone, including cuboidal bones, flat bones, and the ends of long bones. Cortical bone is much denser, stiffer, and stronger than trabecular bone. The average strength of a compact human bone was 105 MPa in a longitudinal compression test, and was 131 MPa in a transversal compression test. In the same experiment, the average longitudinal strength in tension was 53 MPa [39]. In contrast, the porosity of trabecular bone is approximately 50–95%, which is higher than that of cortical bones. The surface area of the

When preparing to screen women for osteoporosis, the provider should advise the patient on the values that indicate osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is diagnosed with a T-score of -2.5 or below of the hip, femoral neck, or lumbar spine (AACE, 2010). The T-score compares an individual’s BMD with the mean value of a younger individual and expresses the difference as a standard deviation (AACE, 2010). Several types of bone densitometries can be done to obtain a T-score. The most common is the DXA method. However, a single photon absorptiometry (SPA), quantitative computed tomography (QCT), radiographic absorptiometry, and ultrasound can also be performed (AAFP, 2009). The fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) is a tool used to determine if an individual is at risk for fractures (AACE, 2010).

Otosclerosis and compare their bone mineral density. As this disease progresses it can lead to

Osteoporosis can be detected by using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans. According to Rozental, Shah, Chacko and Zurakowski (2010), DXA is currently the gold standard for assessing bone mineral density. Once the elderly have found out they have osteoporosis, most turn to traditional therapies which include biphosphonates. Biphosphonates are the most widely used drug for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. According to Mamtani and Kulkarni (2009), biphosphonates inhibit osteoclast actions that reduce bone resorption. In simpler terms, these drugs increase bone mineral density and decrease bone breakdown in individuals. It also reduces the risk of fractures and prevents

Due to increasing number of elderly population the number of hip fractures are increasing worldwide. The growth of elderly population is more seen in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa than in Europe and North America. The incidence rates of hip fractures are different from population to population, As the population ages, worldwide, the mean age of hip fractures is also increasing. Studies have shown hip fractures are around two times more common in female than they are in male; this phenomenon is due to women’s lower bone mass and density comparing in

The strength of the human bone depends on the microstructure contained inside. Every human bone contains osteons, these are aligned in a certain way, osteonal orientation. Usually in humans they are grouped in two antirotary system of opposite direction in the shaft of the bone (diaphysis).There is a general hypothesis that the direction of these osteons is a functional adaptation and depends on the direction of the first stress that acts on the bone. There are a few others who looked into this hypothesis but they considered a sheep tibia. Here the writer of the article is trying to determine the osteonal direction in a human femurs and evaluate the results to see if the above hypothesis was good. In this study the angle of osteonal orientation was measured and also the direction.

These measurements may vary from scientist to scientist and from observation to observation. The manual measurements may lead to errors also time consuming processes. There is no standard clinical procedure in bone age assessment, even if the most used methods are: 1) The Greulich and Pyle (G&P) method [10]. 2) The Tanner and Whitehouse method [12]. Both methods rely on X-Ray images.

The bone mineral density (BMD) and body mineral content (BMC) was found through dual energy x-ray absorption. There was a difference found between the BMD and BMC between the groups. The BMD and BMC was lower in the ethanol fed rats. The mechanical properties of bone were evaluated through a three point bend test. No bone mechanical properties differences were found between the groups. There was no significant difference in biomechanical test. To get better results a more ideal situation would be to pretreat the bone mass value of the rats. This would have been difficult to do because its time consuming and requires the rats to undergo anaesthetize for a long time which could kill some of the subjects.