R/O Gerd Case Study Psychology

12 Lead Electrocardiogram (ECG) - There are typical changes to the normal pattern of the ECG in a heart attack. Patterns that occur include pathological Q waves and ST elevation (Koutoukidis, Stainton & Hughson 2013, p. 505). However, it is possible to have a normal ECG even if a patient has had a heart attack. The indicators for this test include: suspected myocardial infarction, suspected pulmonary embolism, perceived cardiac dysrhythmias, fainting or collapse, a third heart sound, fourth heart sound, a cardiac murmur or other findings to indicate structural heart disease. The

When suffering from GERD, it is important to know how to adjust in order to decrease the likelihood from suffering from signs and symptoms of this disease. A person with GERD should try to figure out what kind of food triggers the reflux. There are many foods that may irritate our stomach, for example, coffee, alcohols, tomatoes, and fatty foods, however, each and every one of us may be sensitive for a particular food/beverage and once we find out what it is we have to eliminate it. It is also crucial to decrease the size of our meal. If we are prone to acid reflux, it is important that we don’t lie flat for three hours after we have eaten a meal or snack.

GERD disease, commonly referred to as GERD or acid reflux, is a condition in which the liquid content of the stomach regurgitates (backs up or refluxes) into the esophagus. The liquid can inflame and damage the lining (esophagitis) although visible signs of inflammation occur in a minority of patients. The regurgitated liquid usually contains acid and pepsin that are produced by the stomach. (Pepsin is an enzyme that begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach.) The refluxed liquid also may contain bile that has backed-up into the stomach from the duodenum. The first part of the small intestine attached to the stomach. Acid is believed to be the most injurious component of the refluxed liquid.

An electrocardiogram (ECG) shows the heart's activity and may reveal muscle thickening, damage, or a lack of oxygen. Electrodes covered with conducting jelly are placed on the patient's chest, arms, and legs. They send impulses of the heart's activity through a monitor (oscilloscope) to a recorder which traces them on paper. The test takes about 10 minutes and is commonly performed in a physician's office. An exercise ECG can reveal additional

Commonly known as heartburn or reflux, is a condition where reflux of the gastric content into the oesophagus leads to symptoms which significantly impact a person's quality of life. Gastroesophageal reflux disease gerd is the most prevalent acid related disorder and is associated with significant impairment of health-related quality of life. Gastroesophageal reflux disease gerd occurs when acid and food in the stomach back up into the esophagus.Gerd often occurs when the lower muscle (sphincter) of the esophagus does not close properly. The sphincter normally opens to let food into the stomach. It then closes to keep food and stomach acid in the stomach. If the sphincter does not close properly, stomach acid and food back up (reflux) into the esophagus. The following may increase your risk for gerd. Gerd may be associated with several extra esophageal syndromes such as chronic cough, asthma, laryngitis, oropharyngeal ulceration and dental erosions. Available evidence indicates that therapy response rates in gerd are related to the degree of acid suppression achieved. Having an appropriate discussion with a physician is key to understanding the condition, available treatment options and the degree to which acid suppression can be achieved.

7. The common signs and symptoms of anginal pain include gripping, viselike feeling of pain or pressure behind the breast bone; pain radiates to the neck, jaw, back, shoulder, or arms (left arm commonly); toothache; burning indigestion; shortness of breath; nausea and belching (Goodman & Snyder, 2013). Also, the anginal pain is described as squeezing, burning, choking, or aching. However, in the case of heartburn the patient complains about sudden wake ups at night due to heartburn, burning sensation in the chest, uneasiness after eating spicy foods, abdominal bloating and gas, difficulty in swallowing, and frequent use of antacids to relieve the symptoms (Goodman & Snyder, 2013). In peptic ulcer, the patient describes the

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a common digestive disease that affects the esophagus when stomach acid flows backwards causing discomfort. Many people seem to experience this digestive disease from time to time. There are plenty of symptoms for gastroesophageal reflux disease. For instance, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) can cause poor quality of sleep and a variety of sleep disturbances such heartburns, vomiting, or hoarseness in adults. This is when swellness becomes a big issue with the throat and cause the individual to have a difficult time swallowing.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is a long-lasting disorder of the digestive system. The disorder happens when the stomach acid or sometimes stomach content backs up into the food pipe (esophagus). The reflux aggravates the lining of the food pipe and causes GERD. When the patient has symptoms like acid reflux and heartburn at least twice a week or when those signs affect the daily life, or the doctor sees damage to the food pipe, GERD can be diagnosed. Most people can take care of the

indicates that there may be a cardiac dysrhythmia that would best be detected with ECG

The main features of echocardiography imaging that enable it to be used as the best technique for early analysis or diagnosis

Mr. Langley’s doctor used a stethoscope not an ECG to detect the heart murmur and valve disorder. The doctor recognized an abnormal sound of the valve closing with a stethoscope. Not all murmurs are abnormal, but do indicate a valve disorder such as mitral valve prolapse. ECG

Lack of stomach acid is the true cause of most GERD and indigestion symptoms! When patients feel burning, this indicates stomach contents have passed back into the esophagus since the LES valve is still open. The contents are still more acidic (around a pH of 4-6) than what was just ingested, but not acidic enough to signal the LES valve to close (pH of 1-2). The esophageal lining does not have the protective lining that the stomach has to handle acid contents which results in the burning sensation. Over time, this can create esophagitis and chronically can result in Barrett’s esophagitis and increased cancer risk due to the reoccurring damage to the cells in this area.

We have tried to present the subject in an easily digestible form to those setting

Lang R and Members of the Chamber Quantification Writing Group. A report from the American Society of Echo-cardiography’s Guidelines and Standards committee & the Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the EAE, a branch of the ESC. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2005;18:1440-1463.

Most of the patients with GERD fall into 1 of 2 categories: erosive esophagitis or nonerosive reflux disease (NERD). The 2 main phenotypes of GERD appear to have different pathophysiological and clinical characteristics. Furthermore, NERD and erosive esophagitis clearly diverge when it comes to response to antireflux treatment. NERD patients have a significantly lower response rate to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy, and consequently they constitute the majority of the refractory heartburn group (Hershcovici and Fass, 2010).