Rabbi Moshe Ben Maimon, A Jewish Scholar, Astrologer And Physician Of The Twelfth Century

They claimed that those of the Jewish faith were responsible for Jesus’ death, and therefore they were unable to be trusted. The expansion of Jewish communities infuriated the Christian society, pushing them towards their breaking point. In 1391, anti-Semitic violence broke out in Castile, and spread across many other areas in Spain such as Barcelona, Saragossa, and Valencia. Mobs entered the Jewish communities to burn synagogues, invade homes, rape the women, and kill the dominant Jewish rulers that were recognized. The Jews of Spain were given an ultimatum; evacuate, or convert to Christianity. Nearly half of them agreed to convert their faith, and they were baptized in order to show their true commitment to the Church. Those who converted were referred to as Conversos or “New Christians”. This ultimatum that those of the Jewish faith were given satisfied Christian societies, but it soon became apparent that the Conversos were not acting accordingly in respect to the Christian belief system. Although they attended church and participated in Christian traditions, behind closed doors, it was believed that they continued to practise the traditions, beliefs, and holy days outlined by the Jewish faith. They refrained from eating pork, and supposedly celebrated the Jewish Sabbath which lasted from Friday’s sundown until Saturday’s nightfall. This realization caused Christians to become furious, and those who had been deemed

Through the course of history, the Jewish people have been mistreated, condemned, robbed, even put to death because of their religion. In the Middle Ages, they were forced to wear symbols on their clothing, identifying them as Jews. The dates 1933 to 1945 marked the period of the deadly Holocaust in which many atrocities were committed against the Jewish people and minority groups not of Aryan descent. Six million innocent Jews were exterminated because of Hitler’s “Final Solution.” This paper will exhibit how Adolf Hitler used the three anti-Jewish policies written in history, conversion, expulsion, and annihilation to his advantage.

Although the Spanish Inquisition does not start until around 1480, it has its roots in the late fourteenth century. Anti-Semitism began in the fourteenth century during a period of plague and economic hardship in Europe. The resulting violence and hatred along with campaigns to get Jews to convert to Catholicism persuaded many Jews to convert. However, these New Christians once again became the object of hatred because it was believed that many of them were faking being Christian and still practicing Judaism. It was during this period that the Spanish Inquisition began. The Inquisition’s main goal was to rid Spain of all Jews in an effort to keep the New Christians from reverting back to their Jewish ways. Disregarding the fact that the inquisition was completely immoral, it was successful in ridding Spain of Jews and the uniting the country in Catholicism; but, the goal was also to end anti-Semitism, and the inquisition only strengthened and extended the reign of the anti-Semitic ideology.

In the early years of medieval Spain; Christians, Muslims and Jews practiced a relatively peaceful coexistence. While they did not agree with one another’s religious practices and traditions, there was a certain level of tolerance for the other. Many Jews maintained upper class lifestyles, holding positions in such professions as medicine, law, and even royal and

The history of the Jewish people in Spain is certainly a pivotal time period that changed the future of the Jews and specifically, the Sephardic Jews. At the time of the issuing and signing of the Edict of Expulsion on March 31, 1492, Spanish Jews were experiencing the most persecution that had been felt in the many centuries of which the Jews had been in Spain. Spanish Jewry came to a dramatic end after almost a millennium of Jewish presence in the country. Spanish Jewry’s golden age, however, the Jews experienced almost no persecution, resulting in a new centre of Talmudic study, before suffering from a relapse of anti-Semitism that eventually led to the Inquisition and the Edict of Expulsion. (SOURCE 1) This essay will discuss and analyze

The documentary starts by explaining that by the 9th century North Africa and Spain were in the hands of Muslim rulers. Under Muslim rule in Toledo, Spain were Jews who flourished in the area. The Jews followed the conquest of Islam through North Africa and Spain. On the continent of Europe the three Abrahamic religions met. The Jewish people would transform Europe and be transformed themselves. Alhambra of Granada, the Moorish palace in Southern Spain was described as beautiful with pleasure gardens and trees of all kinds. The Muslim and Jewish people were brought together for their love of art, knowledge, music, poetry, and philosophy. This era is known as the Golden Age.

In New York, United States a new wave of Jewish refugees is going to create a new American identity among society. To the skepticism of the grand percent of the Jewish community, America was indeed the gateway from dictatorship, prejudice, persecution, and death to Jews. An impressive 85% of Jews have experienced or witnessed anti-Semitic remarks at some point in their lives, according to a poll by the World Zionist Organization’s International Center for Countering Anti-Semitism. During the early 20th century, Jews are going to experience hardships in their daily life that will force them to evacuate or adapt to new rules. Peter Knight expresses in his book that during the nineteenth century American Jews “rarely [experienced]

The theory of ‘convivencia’ between Christians, Jews and Muslims is considered to be the period in Medieval Spain in which the three Abrahamic religions were able to coexist and live together peacefully. The notion of convivencia not only refers to the overall tolerance of Christians and Jews to be able to practice their religion in Al-Andalus, it also incorporates the idea of members of these three faiths sharing a common culture, a language and working towards advancing civilisation through poetry, literature and science. Historians who have studied this issue are largely divided on whether this time period really was as harmonious as it is commonly described. Historians such as Bat Ye’or highlight the lack of convivencia by placing emphasis on how leaders of Al-Andalus would enforce rules such as granting non-Muslims with the status of dhimmi, essentially making them second-class citizens which by today’s standards would undoubtedly lead to the theory of convivencia being somewhat unpersuasive. However, relative to this era, Islamic Iberia was the apex of religious tolerance, immensely surpassing the level of tolerance in surrounding nations and empires. Montgomery Watt goes as far to say that under Muslim rule, Jews and Christians were considered as “People of the Book” who were to be a

There was a history of violence and bloodshed between the Jews and their allies the Moorish during the time of the Spanish inquisition, and it was still fresh in everyone's minds. When the wars and fighting ended, many Jewish and Moorish people later moved into Spain and with them their beliefs and ideas. The orthodox Christian church was worried many people would join with other Jewish type Christianity and overthrows the pope. In order to insure this would not happen, the inquisition was order to convert all the Jewish and Moorish refugees to the Orthodox Church, and if they didn't comply they were kicked out of Spain. This act of physically forcing someone to give up their beliefs caused many riots to insure, but they were quickly dealt

“The LORD appeared to Abram and said, ‘To your offspring I will give this land.’ So he built an altar there to the LORD, who had appeared to him” (Holy Bible, Gen. 12.7). Despite God’s oath to the Jews, this Promised Land has been repeatedly offered and confiscated by Christians. The Renaissance is one period in history, though, during which Jews faced unimaginable brutality. Beginning in England, Jews throughout Europe were forced to constantly move in order to avoid persecution. However, the ways that Jews were treated in their respective countries differed sharply from the ways that they were portrayed in literature.

While comparing the experience of Jewish life under medieval Christendom and medieval Islam, it is evident that the treatment of Jews in the Islamic society was substantially better. Jews living under the Islamic rule were provided with a sense of security, which allowed them to prosper as a recognized minority. To show the positive and unique medieval Jewish-Arab experience, a Muslim man wrote a letter about his mentor, a Jewish physician living under Islamic rule. Ibn Samuel, the Jewish physician, was described by the Muslim as being intelligent, devoted to Judaism, and a master of medicine. With the various positive religious, cultural, social, economic, and legal trends of Jewish life under Islam in the middle ages, this letter illustrates the unique relationship Jews and Muslims were able to have.

There was always tension between the Christians and Jews in Spain. The Spanish Christians’ hatred was focused mainly on the Jewish religion. The government of Spain as well as its religious officials saw the new for an all pure Christian-faith country. Marriage between Jews and Christians, or converts was not permitted. In 1478, Pope Sixtus IV authorized a bull, Exigit Sincere Devotionis, to appoint inquisitors to do the job. The inquisitors only had a religious education and portrayed an unquestioning belief towards their faith. They thought their actions were saving the Jews from an unfavorably grim fate in their after-life. As God’s children, the inquisitors thought that if they executed the Jews, they(the Jews) would be infused with the knowledge of God and be spared from hell and rise to heaven. Those who escaped being killed flew the

In 1491 a priest named Ferrand Martinez, started anti-semitic assaults in Seville, Spain. The mob violence

Kamen notes the ambiguous pressure on Jews, as despite the anti-semitism of contemporary Europe, the ‘Aragonese crown protected the Jews and conversos firmly, rejecting all attacks on them‘ and how any existing anti-Semetic legislation went unenforced (Kamen 15). Even after Ferdinand and Isabella initiated their reign in 1474, the monarchs were ‘never personally anti-Semitic’ and their intervention in domestic politics demonstrated an ‘impressive picture of the monarchy protecting its jews’ (Kamen, 16). In actuality, the inception of the Inquisition and the subsequent expulsion of the Jewish population was prompted by the actions of ‘Judaizers’, who were made up of conversos who had attempted to persuade newly assimilated Christians to return to their original Jewish faith. The efforts of these Judaizers concerned the crown and as a result the Inquisition was officially founded on September 27, 1480 as a means of regulating the the disruptive and disobedient conversos.

In the article, Lamdan describes political and social states of Jewish people in the Ottoman Empire. Result of political and other changes in Europe, the Jews expelled from Spain and it became main corner of Ottoman Empire. He also describes that relationship of Muslim people and Jewish people in Ottoman Empire. They were a tolerated minority under Ottoman rule. There were some degree of restriction such as paying special taxes, but thy enjoyed the right to their life, liberty and the right to exercise their religion.