Most humans, have come in contact with a dog, cat, and even wild animals or rodents. Some of us become owners of such animals that are then domesticated. Although, cute and human 's best friend, people are not well informed when it comes to caring for. Does your pet has all the necessary vaccinations? What if I ask you how much do you know about rabies?
Some think it comes from animals like pigs or cows. Others suggest it comes from sick dogs or cats, which are commonly domestic. The truth is, rabies has been in existence for over 4000 years and many countries around the world have had some exposure to it. Rabies is a viral disease that takes place in more than 150 countries around the world and it has been associated mainly with
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First of all, rabies virus ' structure consists of negative-sense, unsegmented, a rod which has the shape of a bullet, single-stranded, and enveloped RNA virus. It 's genome is based on a leader-sequence (LDR) of about fifty nucleotides which is followed mainly by five proteins such as phosphoprotein (P), nucleoprotein (N), glycoprotein (G), polymerase (L), and matrix protein (M). These proteins are synthesized and play a role with translation process which occurs on free ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
The infection process starts by the synthesis of the rabies virus encapsulated to the host cell membrane (adsorption). Interactions between the G protein and receptors from a specific cell surface may be involved. Once adsorption has occurred, the virus penetrates the host cell and makes its entrance to the cytoplasm by pinocytosis through coated pits made of clathrin. In the large endosomes, also known as cytoplasmic vesicles, a conglomeration of virions can be found. The viral membranes join the endosomal membranes to allow the releasing of viral RNP into the cytoplasm (uncoating). In order to enable replication of the virus, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) have to be transcribed owing to the fact that lyssaviruses have a linear single-negative-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome.
The incubation time period for rabies generally takes 30 to 90 days but it can take few as 5 days and extend up to 2 years or more after
The virus fuses with the cell’s plasma membrane. The capsid proteins are removed, releasing the viral proteins and RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA strand complementary to the viral RNA. Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the synthesis of a second DNA strand complementary to the first. The double-stranded DNA is incorporated as a provirus into the cell’s DNA. Proviral genes are transcribed into RNA molecules, which serve as genomes for the next viral generation and as mRNAs for translation into viral proteins. The viral proteins include capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase (made in the cytosol) and envelope glycoproteins (made in the ER). Vesicles transport the glycoproteins from the ER to the cell’s plasma membrane. Capsids are assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase molecules. New viruses bud off from the host cell.
RSV is caused by TLR3 activation. It initiates infections by binding to a cellular receptor and then the viral envelope fuses with the plasma membrane. The virus attaches the cell through the main protein, the G protein and fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell through the F protein. After penetration, the nucleocapsid of the virus is released into the cytoplasm where replication occurs (3). The viral RNA is like a template for mRNA (3). The mRNA’s job is to translate the viral proteins and complementary RNA serves as a template for virion RNA
Rabies is a infectious disease that is spread through animal bites. The saliva of the infected animal contains the virus. People get rabies from animals like wild dogs, wolves, foxes, bats, skunks. People most commonly get rabies from raccoons. Most people who get rabies live in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and India. There are about 59,000 deaths from rabies each year. Over 90% of the rabies death are from Africa, Asia, and the Middle East; where there are widespread canine rabies.
The word rabies is a derived from a Latin word in late 16th century. That Latin word is rabere ‘rage’.
Cats, dogs and ferrets that are known to bite can be observed for around 10 days to see if they show signs and symptoms of rabies. If the animal that bit you remains healthy during that observation period, then it doesn't have the rabies virus and you won't need the rabies shots. Other pets and farm animals are considered on
The name of the rabies virus is the Lyssavirus this is derived from Lyssa the Greek goddess of rage, madness, and fury; along with the features of a virus. The most common transmission is though a bite of an animal that is infected, via the infected saliva making contact with a mucous membrane. Though not common it is reported that infection has happened
Rabies is a highly infectious viral disease that can easily ruin and eventually end the lives of both humans and animals alike. Rabies comes in two forms for animals. It comes in the form of paralytic rabies, which is the kind that puts you in paralysis right from the beginning, skipping the symptoms of agitation and excitability. Rabies also appears in the form of furious rabies, which is completely different in the way that it makes the victim restless, vicious and agitated. When humans get rabies, their symptoms start out with simple headaches and fevers and later progresses to terrible things such as becoming hydrophobic because of painful throat spasms and paralysis. A definite diagnosis of rabies needs lab analysis of
There are many different strains of the rabies lyssavirus, with the Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) being
Viruses are parasites using its host 's cells to replicate its own genome (Freeman, 2011). Viruses have either a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) genome that affects its specific named genome. Types of RNA viruses include positive strand, negative strand, double strand and RNA transcriptase. RNA viruses have evolved into effective pathogens that mutate at high rates. This allows them an advantage over their host to effectively evade the immune system through several mechanisms, such as mimicry, avoiding cell lysis, and phagocytosis. Their ability to bypass a cell 's normal process of proof-reading and error correction is what makes RNA viruses such effective pathogens. Almost all RNA viruses are termed emerging infectious diseases because they are already known, but are increasing rapidly in new areas. There are a few emerging infectious RNA viruses that have reappeared into the population and have the potential to cause an epidemic.
Viruses come in different genomes and different forms however they all have a capsid where they maintain their genetic material. Viruses are classified into families that are distinguish based on their shape and form as well as they have names that are used for identification and is usually related to the type of disease they cause. Rotavirus is a member of the family Reoviridae that is nonenveloped segmented double stranded RNA and globally is the leading cause of severe diarrhea problems among infants and young children worldwide (1). Rotavirus developed in a wheel shaped virus that is surrounded by a triple layer coat composed of different structural proteins. The outer layer is composed of VP7 and VP4 that is cleaved by trypsin into two
In the 16th century, an Italian physician Girolamo Fracastoro discovered that rabies was a fatal disease affecting humans as well as animals, calling it "an incurable wound”. However, it was Louis Pasteur a French biologist that created the first vaccine in 1885 (Wnek, 2009). Rabies is transmitted through the saliva or through the tissue within the central nervous system that is transmitted by an infected mammal to another mammal. Once the mammal is infected either through a bite, scratch or by licking an open infected wound, the virus will begin to attack and destroy the neurological system. In addition other forms of transmission are when infected saliva comes in contact with the eyes, nose and mouth. Dogs are the cause of over 90 percent of human rabies infections. On another note raccoons, bats, skunks and foxes
Neurotropic virus causes the rabies in animals and humans. “Rabies, or 'hydrophobia', is known as a disease that makes dogs sick and mad” (Easmon, September 26, 2013). The virus is carried in the saliva of animals and can be transmitted to a human from a bite or through saliva on the broken skin of a
Rabies is an infectious disease that has been around the world since the time of Columbus and his first trip to the New World. Back then, it was characterized as the “mad dog” disease and only few would survive it. Those who survived, it was said, were due to miracles. Rabies is a disease that attacks and infiltrates the nervous system and ultimately attacks the brain of its host, leading to neuronal dysfunctions. Throughout the years, scientists have studied the virus with deep interest, as some of its qualities are known, and others are not. Being a complex virus, there are many things that attribute to its life cycle, each with a unique purpose that leads to the complete attack of the host
Rabies transmission can also occur if saliva or central nervous system tissue from a rabid animal contacts a fresh wound or mucous membrane (MCDC, 2012). Various routes of transmission have been documented and include contamination of mucous membranes (i.e., eyes, nose, and mouth), aerosol transmission, and corneal transplantations (ADPH, 2010). Post-exposure prophylaxis is recommended in rare instances of non-bite exposure, such as inhalation of aerosolized virus by spelunkers exploring caves inhabited by infected bats or by laboratory technicians homogenizing tissues infected with rabies virus without appropriate precaution (MHLTC, 2013).
Because rabies is transmitted through saliva, the disease is usually brought about into the body by a bite of an animal already infected with the lyssa virus (rabies). Rabies then deposits itself into the tissue of the host (person/animal who has the virus in them), infecting the host and later multiplying. From there, the virus travels from the nerves to the muscles, then to the brain and spinal cord (Easmon paragraphs 8-9). At this point, the virus is multiplying rapidly and soon the brain is extremely affected, which causes it to malfunction and the part of the brain that controls breathing shuts down (Buncombe paragraph 8).