Rabies Virus ( Rv )

The G (glycoprotein) protein is responsible for viral attachment and a major antigenic determinant of RSV since it induces protective antibodies (3).

Ainsworth, Steve. “Vaccination: Where It All Began.” Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost. Accessed January 31, 2016. http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail/detail?vid=12&sid=bd75326f-a5ed-44b4-99be-e95390625d8a%40sessionmgr114&hid=107&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=51192088&db=aph.

Furious rabies are just the opposite. They cause animals to become over ecstatic towards other animals, people, and even stationary objects. Animals with furious rabies seem to be agitated and restless at all times. In some cases, animals with furious rabies will gnaw and bite at their own limbs. These animals are constantly growling at everything they see. They have also been known for getting involuntary and intense seizures that are terribly painful for the animal.

In 1885, Louis Pasteur decided to take on rabies. Well aware of Jenner’s studies, he began to create a vaccine from the spinal cords of infected rabbits. The method was first tested on a young boy who was bitten by an infected dog. Unknown if the vaccine was effective, the boy survived and there was now scientific evidence to back both theories. However, Pasteur, like Jenner had no idea as to why these methods worked.

In 1796, Edward Jenner made a great leap in preventive medicine. He was the first doctor to administer the world’s first vaccination as a preventive treatment (Staff. 2010). Jenner’s method would so undergo “medical and technological changes over the next 200 years” (Philadelphia. 2015.) Vaccines were not main focus on again until 1885, when Louis Pasteur develop a vaccine for rabies. It seemed that early doctors and scientist were on a role, and people were conforming to the status quo, until Andrew Wakefield came on the scene.

The term ‘vaccine’ has not been around forever, but many versions have arisen in the history books. The first evidence of

Since two thousand at least four people have been mauled to to death by man made wolf hybrids. The offspring of a wolf and a dog. Eighty to ninety percent of all monkeys are carriers of herpes b. The virus is harmless in monkeys but often fatal in humans. More than seven thousand venomous snake bites are reported in the united states a year. Ninety percent of all reptiles carry and shed a deadly disease called salmonella, in their feces. Salmonellas has been described as very dangerous and a serious public health concern affecting more people and animals than any other single disease. During nineteen eighty nine through nineteen ninety eight sixteen different state health departments reported salmonella infections in people with contact with pet reptiles. Monkeys have been known to infect humans with ebola and monkeypox (“ The Dangers”). A monkeypox outbreak in two thousand and three was traced to a gambian rat from Africa. Monkeypox also came from pet prairie dogs in wisconsin. Seventy five percent of all new infectious diseases originate from nonhuman animals. Large exotic cats are dangerous and have the potential to kill (“ The Dangers”). There are reportedly dozens of attacks on humans by captive big cats in the past decade. Many organizations report their opposition to the idea of owning an exotic animal by individuals. Fifty two people were bitten by macaque monkeys between nineteen

The mortality rate of rabies is not comparable between North America and continents like Asia and Africa. North America deaths per year are usually about two compared to the thirty thousand in Asia and Africa. In the last one hundred years rabies has changed dramatically in the United States (Finnegan et.al, 2002). There is only one state that is rabies free and that is Hawaii. Around ninety percent of rabies cases take place with wildlife, whereas before 1960 majority came from

Sadly, the same countries and people who can't afford to fight the disease are the most exposed. The New York Times has estimated that the annual global cost of rabies is approximately $583 million That may sound like a lot, but it's really not that much money when considered on a global scale. What it really comes down to is the $40 cost of each vaccine. Unfortunately, for those living in the areas that need the greatest help, such as in the rural impoverished areas of Africa and Asia, raising the $40 for each shot is almost impossible for most households. The Rabies vaccines produced are much more expensive in developing countries because the series of shots contains a dose of immunoglobulin, which protects the body until it has created antibodies.

Rotavirus, a highly infectious double-stranded RNA virus of the family Reoviridae, is the main etiological agent of severe dehydrating diarrhea in infants worldwide. In adults, symptomatic rotavirus infections can cause outbreaks in the elderly and in immunocompromised individuals. Infections in humans are caused by serogroups A, B and C, with serogroup A being the most common.

In these days of modern medicine, most children are vaccinated early in life for diseases such as rubella, measles, and tetanus. Vaccines have been perfected to shield and protect our body from seriously life threatening diseases that could have the potential to wipe out large populations. Most of America and a lot of western countries see vaccines as beneficial and a common necessity for their children and themselves. However, this view has not always been accepted. In fact, vaccines were only first widely considered to be helpful for diseases when a man named Louis Pasteur began experimenting with rabies. We will start our journey of microbiological history with the discovery of anthrax and move forward through the creation of Pasteur’s rabies vaccine.

“The Rhinovirus is built with lots of different proteins that form a capsid protein,” (Mode 23, 45). The Capsid protein works like a shell and protects the RNA inside the virus. The Rhinovirus is also built with Glycoproteins, these are used like a costume and are able to confuse the cell membrane into thinking it’s a helpful protien and to let it into its host. Soon after, the virus is able to enter the cytoplasm (through the endoplasmic reticulum). Then the virus's RNA looks enough like MRNA for the ribosomes to make it into a polyprotein causing the virus to be reproduced. Finally, the virus is able to move throughout the host, and release its symptoms undetected. (Ann 11)

There have likewise been some scientific models for dog's rabies that incorporate the controlling impact of human intervention \cite{leungmathematical} utilized a stochastic simulation model to research the effect of human intervention on the progression and persistence of rabies \cite{leungmathematical} investigated the impact of human intervention, such as culling infected dogs, is not merely equivalent to a reduction in the average infection period of the infection. Also research done by \cite{castillo2015pin72}, on the cost-adequacy of a rabies immunization program in dogs to avert human rabies in Colombia. They utilized a Markov model with day by day cycles to plan mimicked progression of the transmission parameters inside the dog population

Old world monkeys and chimpanzees can be experimentally infected, and humans are the natural hosts for poliovirus, because these species have suitable environments and receptors for the survival of poliovirus, but other species such as mice do not have suitable environments for poliovirus unless the mice have been experimentally altered to express CD155 (Racaniello, 2005). Some strains of the poliovirus have been able to replicate in mice due to a process of adaptation, and some strains of the virus are naturally virulent in the mice (Racaniello, 2005). Scientists were able to substitute a six amino acid sequence of the P1/Mahoney strain, which is in the VP1 capsid protein and located near the CD155 binding site, with the corresponding sequence in P2/Lansing strain (Racaniello, 2005). This caused the mice to have neurovirulence to the poliovirus (Racaniello, 2005).

Abstract: Rabies is a dangerous disease that affects both animals and humans. Rabies is caused by the lyssa virus and is almost 100% fatal. The majority of the people infected die from it but there have been a small number of miraculous cases where people have survived. One very special case took place in the life of Jeanna Giese because she recovered without the use of rabies vaccines. There are four FDA approved vaccines for public usage but they are not guaranteed to cure. Rabies affects many people around the world, especially in underdeveloped nations. It is a very serious disease and is preventable if treatment is received before any symptoms show up.