Race Discrimination In The 1960s

The 1960’s changed American policing in many different ways (Hoover, 2014). Various important historical events took place during this era, such as the ghetto riots and the Vietnam War demonstrations. Due to these huge events, police changed the way corrections were conducted, as well as ways they and the courts administrated it. Further education leads the way from policing the people, to a more effective criminal justice departmental unit. These, in turn, lead to changes in the way societies viewed police.

During the 1950’s African Americans experienced inequality and discrimination. For these reasons Armstrong received many racist reviews in the newspapers, Armstrong refused to comment on political matters or on topics such as segregation and racism. This changed however in 1957, when Armstrong saw the Little Rock Central High School crisis or the “Little Rock nine” as it is also known. When Armstrong saw the crisis on television he was furious and told a reporter, Larry Lubenow, that President Dwight D. Eisenhower had "no guts" and stated, "The way they are treating my people in the South, the Government can go to hell.” When the eager reporter returned to his editor thinking he had a huge new cover story for their paper, the editor said there was no way Armstrong would have said something like that, and that they could only print the story if he had some form of proof. When the reporter returned to Armstrong he asked his permission to print the story.

Historically there has been conflict between the american police force and members of minority groups. In recent years this conflict has moved into the eye of the public, through the media attention given to events like Ferguson. Outrage and unrest ensued and the backlash from these events were felt all over the US if not internationally. The result of these events lead to politicians and the police pledging reforms to improve the relations between law enforcement and members of minority groups. However many still believe that nothing has changed and that law enforcement is still more likely to use excessive force when dealing with members of those minority groups. Research has started to be conducted on this issue and many try to find solutions. This paper will provide a literary review of the current literature regarding this topic and will further provide some ways in which the relationship between law enforcement and the public can be improved.

The issues of racial inequalities were evident during the twentieth century, especially during the 1950s and 1960s. The African American community often responded to such inequalities through public movements. One public movement that had a great impact on the Civil Rights Movement is the Children’s March of 1963. The movement began after Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested in Birmingham, Alabama. He wrote his powerful and influential “Letter from Birmingham Jail” and encouraged people of the African American community to carry on fighting against segregation nonviolently, even if it meant that they would be arrested, because children “have been deprived … by callous and discriminatory acts” (Interim report of the United States Commission on Civil Rights). King’s letter inspired the people to continue protesting and fighting nonviolently, eventually resulting in the Children’s March of 1963. “It was as if he was saying, in other words: ‘It’s either me and my nonviolent course or them, the … violent extremists’” (Violence and/or Nonviolence in the Success of the Civil Rights Movement: The Malcolm X–Martin Luther King, Jr. Nexus, pg 7). During this movement, children were included in the stand against racism. “Young people played an essential role in the African American Freedom Struggle, participating in many of the major campaigns of the Civil Rights Movement, as well as initiating personal protests against racial injustice” (The Children's Crusade & the Role of Youth in the African American Freedom Struggle). The Children’s March was viewed as important because it marked a time when “children and teenagers were involved in civil rights campaigns throughout the country, and [a time when] they organized numerous demonstrations, boycotts, strikes, and protests for racial justice” (Documenting the Contributions of Children and Teenagers to the Civil Rights Movement) even though they were often physically attacked with water hoses, clubs, and dogs by the policemen. The actions that were taken during this crusade proved to the United States that the African American community would not stop fighting for their freedom. This public campaign had a great impact on the outcome of the American Civil Rights Movement.

Society in the United States has changed the way discrimination is from the 1800’s to the 2000’s and is a big impact to people all around the country. Many African-Americans have been discriminated for a long period of time and now, many athletes are taking a stand to show its physically and morally wrong and occurs in past history, sports, and even the police force. Discrimination is is immoral tell this day and is still a horrifying act.

The clashing of arms and fists are never a way to save yourself, it causes danger for someone else, with discrimination being a large role in the 1920s, it caused blacks and whites to have a new uproar of segregation ,and making the 1920s an even darker time. In the 1920s, racism was a major crime that thrived on throughout many areas, even though people thought it had subdued, it really never went away. With the riots ,and clans ,and unfair worthiness to citizens , many citizens of different races lost their lives because of it. The screeching and torture of citizens crying out for help was a dramatic time for people of opposing races.

Policing in the 1960s and 1970s was saturated with tension, specifically due to the civil rights movements that were happening all across the nation. The police were “... Caught between those fighting for their civil rights and the government officials”. (Dempsey, Forst, 2016). In one instance in 1965, civil rights demonstrator and African Americans marched to Selma, Alabama where Alabama state police stopped the march because they were given orders by government officials to do so.

However, tension between black equality movements and law enforcement had been high for the previous decade. The 1960’s was a turbulent

This is absolutely false. There are some discriminatory regarding hiring and managing its employees. Its all based on a criteria discriminatory which can be mentioned by Color, Sex, Age and Disability

Setting is an important feature of novels. This narration takes place in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1960. A time that saw the segregation of black people and the dominance of white people in the southern United States. In this novel the setting of 1960’s Jackson, Mississippi exposes significant themes such as racial discrimination, social partiality. The setting also supplies decisive insight into character inspirations and views.

During the early 20th century, not only were African Americans suffering from prejudice from white America, but also Native Americans and Asian Americans faced indifference. According to Brain Ward and Ragina Johnson, the Native Indian “had long faced injustices and racial discrimination driven by policies of the U.S. government to steal more and more Native lands, using racism to justify this theft” (Socialist). Also, they states that “even more overt discrimination and racism pushed Indians of different tribes together into a Pan-Indian/Red Power movement to fight for self-determination, the right to speak their Native languages and the defense of tribal lands and dignity” (Socialist). From this information, one may infer that Native Americans

Why has segregation and racism existed for three hundred ninety-eight years when the Civil Rights Act was passed fifty-three years ago? Segregation is a problem that existed for a long time. The segregation and racism caused the events that led up to the Civil Rights Act being passed. The Civil Rights Act had many events and problems that led up to it being put into place, some of these problems are still and issue today.

Racial discrimination has been a major part of society since colonial times. During the Civil War in 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. Even though it freed slaves in the South, they still ended up facing extreme hardships. In the following 2 to 7 years, the government stepped in and ratified the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendment. These amendments were meant to guarantee freedom, establish and prevent discrimination to former slaves. Following those amendments, there was a lot of confusion about segregation until Homer Plessy decided to challenge it.

The history of United State has shown many racial discriminations since colonists arrived America. African Americans have suffered unequal treatments and punishments in comparison to white people and European immigrants. Even when slavery was abolished in 1865, African Americans were still victims of many inequalities like employment, rights, housing, and transportation. However, due to these inequalities and mistreatments like the Jim Crow Laws, many African Americans started to make a change during the 1950’s, also called the Civil Rights Movement. Rosa Parks, that was arrested for sitting in the front of a bus in Alabama. Rosa Parks case made the supreme court to ban segregation in public transportation. The social difference during the 1950’s was very notable and obvious, and voting was a big example of the huge discrimination suffered by African Americans and minorities. In the south, white people would take away minorities’ right to vote by making them take a test that would decide if they were or not capable to make a political decision. Fortunately, big characters like Martin Luther King vouched for the end of this inequalities. Martin Luther King played a big role in the 1960’s making everyone aware about the change that was about to come.

A common issue presented in today’s national media is police brutality. Police brutality is the use of unnecessary force on civilians by police. The concept of having police officers is to ensure safety and protection of citizens. Police should only use force necessary to accomplish their lawful purpose. The common occurrence of police brutality has sparked responses nationwide in the form of protests, riots, and movements to end the excessive and sometimes fatal force of police officers. The public rallies are also in response to lack of conviction or repercussions of many of the cops who demonstrate unjust police brutality. These incidents are also commonly associated with racial disparity. The headline news stories of the shooting and killing of unarmed African Americans, Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and twelve year old Tamir Rice, all in the same year, prompted citizens nationwide that change in the law enforcement system is necessary. While a majority of police abide to their oaths and stand for justice, a noticeable amount have historically misused their power. If a community cannot trust police officers, it will be detrimental for society as a whole.