Racial Boundaries May Be Fading

This term refers to the assignment of individuals belonging to mixed race or ethnic groups to subordinate groups. This ideology usually exists in a society where certain groups are considered to be dominant or superior to the others. According to the view of F. James Davis in "Defining Race: Comparative perspectives", hypodescent status refers to the social position of the mix breeds of white and black.

In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act as part of his “war on poverty” in hopes of closing the achievement gap between low income schools, which typically house larger percentages of student of color, and their more affluent counterparts. The act has been redefined and reauthorized every five years since its original enactment. However, despite the last 50 years of education reform, the disparity amongst high and low poverty schools is as large as it ever was. In turn, the disparity between students of color and white students has only grown. Clearly, the one size fits all approach to education America has been using does not work. The U.S public education system is broken and, as a country, very

Lee and Bean argue that in the U.S today “racial boundaries may be fading, they are not disappearing at the same pace for all groups” (Lee Jennifer, Frank D Bean, Beyond Black and White). They argue that in our current society it is no longer a white and non white racial structure; they argue that now our society is forming a color line that is “less rigid for Latinos and Asians than blacks” (Lee Jennifer, Frank D Bean, Beyond Black and White). Non black minorities such as Asians and Latinos are starting to become more “white” and gain greater benefits in society because of their higher rates of intermarriage with whites, and therefore greater integration into white culture. With these benefits come better job opportunities, social mobility, and most importantly access to better education. So I created a policy that would raise taxes and create more funding for schools that have been segregated into mainly African American neighborhoods, “37% of African Americans students attend a school that is almost entirely black” (Schaefer 2010, Lambert Lecture). These schools are often underfunded with inadequate teachers that give African American students no real opportunities for upward social mobility through education that whites latinos and asians may receive. However if these schools are better funded and can provide African American students with an education that is at least equal to that of which the average white student receives in their early through high school levels

After reviewing the Government laws and policies that have been in placed and replaced in history and more currently to contribute and correct the issue. The most important question of all remains. Why does the Achievement Gap still exist? According to former Secretary of Education John King (2016) “Black and Hispanic students continue to lag behind their White peers in achievement and graduation rates.”After so many attempts made by the Government to close the Gap and create equality, clearly there is something that is not being addressed across American Public Schools. Frederica Wilson (2013) former state senate member stated in the Brown vs Board Documentary There is such a difference in going to one school in one community and going to another in another community. Why don't we tackle that problem instead of testing the students predicting they will fail, watching them fail and denying them a good life?”The question now that remains how exactly are the schools different in different communities?

Back in 1898, the Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson allowed states to set segregation laws, and it created the term “separate but equal”. What transpired were public services such as restrooms, drinking fountains, restaurants, and methods of transportation that were exclusive to white, or colored citizens. Over half a century later, the case of Brown v. Board of Education turned that term upside down, and declaring that it violated the fourteenth amendment for people of all colors, including black and whites, to be forced away from one another in schools. No longer were there schools primarily for African Americans, the public school system was in the process of becoming a melting pot of people of all genders, colors, and backgrounds.

Equality was once a repulsive concept within America, today it seems to be a foregone conclusion. Indeed, we have made so many strides in the way that we view race that it seems a gross misstep every time that it needs to be addressed. Even our President, an African American who overcame tremendous odds to rise to the highest office does not have the answers to our issues with race, rather he calls on us all to “ask some tough questions about how we can permit so many of our children to languish in poverty, or attend dilapidated schools, or grow up without prospects for a job or for a career.” For most, these questions point to sources outside of themselves, but perhaps there a bit of introspection is the answer. Systematic segregation can

The black/white racial gap dates back about fifty years to the Civil War. This gap is an ongoing problem. As stated in a previous discussion, the best way to look at this is to place a white and black student in a race. Not only does the white student have a head start but they have less obstacles to overcome. While through no fault of their own, these black students could have obstacles such as: their parents not graduating high school or college themselves which in fact contributes to a lower success rate for them, improper education where the teachers shorten the curriculum or even outside factors such as family or neighborhood interfere with the quality of education they receive or even being unable to attend school all together to take

After reading the text I decided to analyze Still Separate, Still Unequal by Johnathan Kozol. His call to action at the end of the article drives his point: just because we have laws set that says we are no longer segregated and that we should all be treated equally, does not mean that it is true. Different cultures are still treated unequally as proven by Kozol’s research into schooling in lower income areas. He trys to prove that even though Americans do not forcefully separate blacks and whites anymore, they get separated on their own. They get separated by class and location leaving schools with majority of Hispanics and blacks and sometimes only one percent white. Kozol wants the change that Brown v. Board of Education started.

Children segregated from other children because of their skin color not only causes them to be more insecure, but it also causes a large knowledge gap between the segregated parties. Children who are separated from others because of their skin color grow to develop their own insecurities and diffidence. “After reviewing psychological studies showing black girls in segregated schools had low racial self-esteem, the Court concluded that separating children on the basis of race creates dangerous inferiority complexes that may adversely affect black children 's ability to learn” (PBS). Races being divided by these social barriers create a disparity between them. It is unequal for children of different races to be separated. Equal education is required in order to give all children an equal chance at success and making differences. “ Public education in the 20th century, said the Court, had become an essential component of a citizen 's public life, forming the basis of democratic

The Civil Rights era of the 1950’s and 1960’s ushered in copious federal spending directed towards the desegregation of American Society. Moreover, the ultimate goal was the creation of a leveled playing field that would allow minorities opportunities to gain access and reap benefits that had not been traditionally extended to them, thereby resulting in large disparities in wealth, resource, and education between races and cultures. In a courageous attempt to amend these woes, Congress passed a series of legislation designed to achieve these ends. One of the most notable pieces of legislation passed during this era was the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. Created with all-deliberate intention of desegregating schools

We have come to understand public education in the United States as a core principle of one’s rights as a citizen in spite of it not explicitly guaranteed within the Constitution. Despite the passage of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, we continue to witness the fight for complete and total integration within our public schools and thus, racial equality. The 14th Amendment forbid states from denying any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws, but was unclear in terms of it’s exact intention with respect to public education. As a result, were unable to see the effective use and enforcement of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments until approximately the 1940s for a number reasons, but I believe that structural racism is the foremost cause. Today, we find ourselves struggling to achieve full integration within our public school system due to the covert intentions behind structural racism and therefore, it’s ability to overpower the law. Structural racism has the ability to impact legal authority in such a way where we end up with a lack of appropriate enforcement legislation at the Supreme Court level and a lack of acknowledgement and remedies for de jure segregation and thus, it is the primary cause of the current segregation within the American public school system.

In the novel “Police, Power and the Production of Racial Boundaries” by Ana Muniz, exposes how entrepreneurs, law enforcement, society and the criminal justice system shape our views towards minority races. Considering this, these influential groups and systems would use political policies and everyday procedures to criminalize and incriminate the African American and Latino communities in the Los Angeles area. Furthermore, she reveals the development of multiple-unit housing, residential and school desegregation, and lastly Los Angeles first gang injunction and how people of power shape our lives.

Institutional racism has solidified its position into various aspects of American society. It has installed itself into employment practices, all levels of education, healthcare, housing, politics and the criminal justice system. Institutional racism has made some subtle changes to replace the boldness of slavery and Jim Crow. However, in educational institutions the effects of racism and discrimination are so delicate they typically go unnoticed by students of color. Individual racism usually happens on the personal level where the prejudice is expressed either consciously or unconsciously while there is some form of interpersonal encounter. When it comes to institutional racism it is similar to the individual concepts, however policies and practices are associated with with the belief of racial dominance of one group over another. It is a powerful system that use race to determine power and privilege(Reynolds et al., 2010). Even after the desegregation of school, educational institution are still separated. In Shelby County where I have lived since 1999 there are schools for minorities, and there are schools for whites. The schools for minorities in the city of Memphis have police officers walking the halls and there no books for learning. There are higher numbers of Whites students enrolled in private, charter, and magnet schools in the more affluent segments of the county. They will be exposed to the advantages of a proper education because of their race and privilege

Since the beginning of the United States of America becoming one union has been the driving force in the lives of many people. Major Ownes, who was a New York politician as well as a member of the Democratic Party once said, “What is our biggest enemy? Segregation.” However, what he failed to put into his quote was the racial equality was an even bigger enemy. Far beyond the days of the Civil War and even the American Revolution, African American people have been looked down upon because of the color of our skin. Whereas in today’s society having African American blood run through your veins is seen as somewhat of a pleasure, even an honor, so to speak this was not always the case.

The United States has Changed from a Melting Pot to a Vast Culture with Varying Racial Backgrounds