Racial Differences

Nevertheless, the unidentified person may have had malnutrition, which would lead to stunted growth in certain areas that happened to not affect the humerus or femur. Back to how the results came out, the students plugged the measurements into certain formulas according to race and gender. By having these differences in formula, it made it more accurate because each race and gender, due to genetics, can make the height different.

Throughout a lifetime, old bone is removed (resorption) and new bone is added (formation) to the skeleton. During childhood and teenage years, new bone is added faster than old bone is removed. Consequently, bone become larger, heavier, and denser. Bone formation continues at a pace faster than resorption until peak bone mass, which is reached around age 30. After age 30, bone resorption slowly exceeds bone formation. In women, bone loss is most rapid in the first years after menopause but persists throughout the postmenopausal years. Based on year 2000 census data, it is estimated that 55% of people age 50 and older have either osteoporosis or low bone mass. The major risk

Working in factories puts a lot of strain on children's bones. Dr. Samuel Smith explained that children's bones a very variable until about the thirteen. When standing for long periods of time, the arches on their feet begin to flatten out. The most common deformities among child workers are in the knees. The children become “knock-kneed” which is when the knees turn inwards as an effect from standing too long. Another deformation that is common is among the women. Their pelvic bones cannot develop properly causing them to lose their unborn child during

One of the articles brought up a major public health concern that is going around worldwide. The concern is the bones in people are becoming weak and brittle. This is called Osteoporosis. The level of growth rate is accelerated during people’s adolescence years. “Maximizing bone mineral mass during childhood and adolescence

The main stages in bone development are early childhood, puberty, and menopause. “During childhood, liquid crystals of calcium within this cartilage solidify through a process called “mineralization”. For that mineralization to occur and keep occurring throughout childhood, however, it’s vitally important that children get enough exercise, calcium and vitamin D, says Laura Tosi, MD, chief of Orthopedic Surgery. Outside play, once a staple of childhood, has given way to video games and television. And if kids don’t play outside, they often don’t get enough sunlight to make adequate vitamin D. Also, kids are much more likely to drink soda or juice these days than milk, which remains one of the best sources of calcium and vitamin D in early life. In fact, variations in the amount of calcium kids get may account for five to 10 percent difference in adult bone mass and a 50 percent difference in the hip fracture rate later in life. Chalk up that adolescent growth spurt to the fact that the majority of bone is laid down in adolescence. This “speeding up” of bone formation begins around age 11 in girls and 12 or 13 in boys. Unfortunately, this is also the time when girls begin to significantly reduce their calcium intake. In fact, over 80 percent of girls age nine to 19 don’t get the recommended average daily amount of calcium. Adolescent girls are also at greater risk for anorexia and other eating disorders than boys, which can wreak havoc with estrogen levels,

Throughout life the skeletal system is constantly changing. Bone modeling, formation and growth of bones, occurs from birth to early adulthood resulting in increase in skeletal mass and changes in skeletal form. Naturally the peak bone mass is achieved in the third decade of life, meaning the bones are at their strongest state in human development. Bone remodeling, a response to micro trauma and stress on the bone, is a dynamic process that also occurs through life. Bone is composed of collagen type 1, a protein, minerals such as calcium and phosphate and bone forming cells (osteoblasts and osteocytes) as wells as bone resorbing cells known as osteoclasts. Calcium is a main contributor of bone strength. In fact 99% of calcium is stored in bones and teeth with one percent remaining in the blood. The process of bone remodeling is activated by stressors such as weight bearing and is necessary to maintain bone mass in an adult. It’s a dynamic process in which bone resorption is always

rates in both sexes. Individual fracture risk is inversely related to bone density, which in

“Most [women] reach their peak bone mass by their early 20s…and as [they] age, bone mass is lost faster than it's created” (Mayo Clinic, 2014). The more bone mass created during youth the less likely it is for osteoporosis to develop, so adequate nutrition is important. According to NIH (2014), “the daily recommendation for calcium from ages 9-18 is 1300mg and 1000mg/day thereafter. For vitamin d, it is 600IU/day after age 1” (NIH, 2014). Along with nutritional deficiencies, women who smoke, drink, and don’t exercise regularly are at higher risk for osteoporosis. Some non-behavioral risk factors include “having a family history of osteoporosis, being female, having a small frame, certain disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and anorexia nervosa; taking some medications for example glucocorticoids, gonadotropin releasing hormone, or antacids with aluminum, and menopause” (McGowan, 2012). Asian and white women are also more predisposed to having this

People have been diagnosed with different forms of osteoporosis. 100 years ago it was a health problem of a small group of people. The elder suffered from diseases that cause secondary osteoporosis; These

Osteoporosis is a secondary aging musculoskeletal disorder that increases bone degeneration and disruption of bone mineral development. A major challenge with treating osteoporosis lies in the difficulty of diagnosing it in the early stages, because no symptoms appear until an actual complication such as a bone fracture occurs. Thus, osteoporosis is known as a “silent disease” (Cosman, 2014). During the childhood years, bones normally grow in size and strength until the person’s peak bone mass has been reached at approximately 20 years old. Around 40 to 50 years old, men and women are affected by age related decline in bone mass (National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, n.d.). Women above 40 years old and of Chinese or Caucasian ethnicity are of high risk for developing osteoporosis (Wilbiks lecture, 2014). Other risk contributions to the condition include old age, female gender, small body size, low calcium and vitamin D, decrease of estrogen, lack of exercise and genetics. A slender, thin-boned tall woman is at greater risk for osteoporosis compared to a woman with a proportional amount of fat, bone and height. To prevent the development osteoporosis, people who are at high risk should take preventative measures, and this guide suggests three methods that have been supported by various researchers: 1) Supplementing calcium into diet; 2) Changing lifestyle patterns; and 3) Quitting smoking. All these preventative measures have been shown to

First of all, sex hormones play a crucial role in osteoporosis. For instance, when females' monthly periods stop, their estrogen levels will drop. Moreover, their bone density will decrease because estrogen (females' hormone) is important to maintain their bone healthy (3). Like females, the level of Testosterone hormone in males impacts the bones health. Second, lack of the calcium and vitamin D in people's daily meals. Calcium and vitamin D are both essential items to support the bone structure. Since the bones consist of calcium and without vitamin D the absorption of calcium will be less than the normal

Osteoporosis has many direct factors that contribute to the loss of bone mass that eventually leads to the disease. Unfortunately, many of those cannot be controlled, for example, there is ethnicity, gender, age, and genetics. Over the years, it has been proven that Caucasians and Asians, develop osteoporosis because of their small stature. The thinner a person is, the more likely an individual 's bones will become weak. Also, as a person ages, the “body may reabsorb calcium and phosphate from your bones instead of keeping these minerals in your bones”. This is seen more often after the age of forty. In addition, an individual should be informed about their family history diseases, for family history is also a contributing factor. If a woman falls under any of these categories, the probability of developing osteoporosis will be very high, because research suggests that women are more likely to contract the illness. Now, circumstances that can and should be controlled include alcohol consumption, smoking, and having an eating disorder.

and Megyesi, M. S., (2004) studied gender and ethnic differences in bone architecture. One of the limitations of these models is that ethnic differences are not counted in femur geometry although these differences are less. Clark, J. M., et.al (1987) showed that there are big differences in the neck shaft angle, horizontal offset from person to person. Significant differences will femoral geometry (Crabtree, N., et al., 2000) (Greendale, G. A., et al., 2003). Khemachit, S. and Surasith, P. (2008) studied contour of the skull using two-dimesional image data where as Buranarugsa, and Mr. Houghton. P. (1981) studied contour of the skull with rectangular coordinates. Schenkar, R., et al. (1999) explained the application of advanced technologies to achieve physical models of the

Osteoporosis is a disease which is common in older women due to lack of estrogen production and lower calcium levels. Osteoporosis is often referred to as a silent disease as an individual is usually asymptomatic. This disease is one that make the bones pours and brittle due to inadequate levels of necessary maintenance hormones. Due to bone formation occurring mostly in childhood, it is essential to target the younger population with educational intervention programs. If you can get the students to understand that preparing their bones while their young is important, you can increase their level of self-efficacy and perceived seriousness about such diseases. Not preparing your bones can make one more susceptible to such diseases like osteoporosis.

Several other factors contribute to bone health as well. Regulated diet together with proper intake of calcium as well as vitamin D, the latter may be poorly synthetized by the body given that trainings