Racism And Racism

In America, a culture of sustained racism and sexism influences foreign policymakers, which results in colonialism and imperialism, the desecration of nations, and militancy. The authors of the articles, Michael L. Krenn and Laura McEnaney, with differing skill sets, provide evidence of racial and gendered bias in foreign policy. In “The Adaptable Power of Racism,” Krenn expertly examines the history of racism within foreign policy; how racism adapted in the face of religious and scientific challenges, and the overall effects of racist foreign policies.1 McEnaney, in “Gender Analysis and Foreign Relations,” provides a lackluster account of the application of gender analysis to foreign policy, specifically in relation to the policies of the Cold War and Spanish-American War.2 The history of racism and sexism in America provide a blueprint for foreign policymakers, where racist militancy and sexist excuses override basic human rights.

The purpose of this report is to critically analyze the effect of the Australian assimilation policy on the current health status of the aboriginals through various factors such as education,

Racism in Australia has always been a controversial element of our country and still continues on in today’s society. Our nation is a bigot country, and the history of Australia shows it continuously has been. Racism majorly impacts the health of Indigenous Australians. The impacts reflect on the life expectancy and mental health of the Indigenous Australians who are then racially criticised in our health system. This paper will explore the impacts that racism in Australia has on Indigenous Australians within healthcare, the life expectancy and the mental health.

This issue of racism is popular by name but tends to be sugar coated by the way people see it. In order to truly understand racism you need to take a bite into the topic in order to get a taste of what it is really like. Racism comes in many different forms and can be seen many different ways. But why even care about racism at all? Why does it even matter? One would think that with such a harsh background regarding racism in America it would no longer exist in society today. But sadly that is not the case here, racism continues to show up all over the country sometimes being worse than others but still racism is racism. People should all be considered equal regardless of what they look like, talk like, or even do that makes them who they are.

Prior to the arrival of the Europeans in 1788, the indigenous inhabitants of Australia were a healthy race of hunters and gatherers whose traditional way of life promoted good health. Little proof has been found of extensive illnesses in Aboriginal people,

Colonialism in Australia places a detrimental threat to the health of Indigenous Australians. Inherent in colonialism were scientific racisms, institutional racism and structural violence. These factors continues to persist in the fabric of Australian society today and limits the life chances of Indigenous Australians. This essay illuminates colonialism as a major contributor to the social marginalisation and low socioeconomic status experienced by indigenous Australian. An analysis of Aboriginal infant mortality rate, a health indicator highlights the difference between biomedical and sociological approach and the embedded negative impact of social marginalisation and low socioeconomic status on the health of Indigenous Australians. The

The health of the Australian Indigenous Population is a significant domain in Australia that represents a myriad of issues that affects the integrity of Indigenous Australians as the traditional owners of the land. On the contrary, these issues challenge the validity of Australia as a nation committed to closing the gap between health outcomes of Indigenous Australians in comparison to non-Indigenous Australians.

Furthermore health of Indigenous Australians is connected to "ethnic aspects such as attitudes philosophies, customs and conventions” (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2015)

Dispersed throughout Australia’s short history there are ten policies which impacted the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. These policies began with Colonisation in 1788 and are ongoing today within the Indigenous Advancement Strategies. Throughout the duration of this essay the impact that two of the ten policies, Colonisation (1788- 1880) and Assimilation (1950-1960) had, will be discussed. Analysis of how these policies affected First Peoples contemporary health and the consequences the policies have on the relationships between First Peoples and health practitioners will be specifically discussed.

“There is an indisputable relationship between the enduring impact of colonisation and current health status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people” (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, 2016). The society of Indigenous peoples have been affected by the British colonisation in 1788; highlighted through all aspects of Aboriginal lifestyle, culture and beliefs being changed by the ‘settlers’. (E. Bourke & Bourke, 1995) Over many years it has been an ongoing task to improve the health status of Indigenous peoples in Australia, as there is a large difference in the health status of Indigenous Australians compared to non-Indigenous Australians. (reference) The three key elements which are believed to contribute to the current health

In April 1997 the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC) released a report which was the result of the National Enquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families. The outcome of this enquiry was a number of recommendations made to begin the reparation necessary for a unified Australia. For this essay the recommendation 9(b) will be explored as far as the impact and relevance within the Australian community and the education system, specifically within the Counselling profession. The Bringing Them Home Report recommendation 9(b) has positively influenced the way education of the forced removal of Indigenous Children is implemented into tertiary studies. This essay will begin by exploring the segregation and forced assimilation of Indigenous peoples which commenced in the late 1800’s and continued through until 1970 under various Acts in place under the Australian Government. Then it will discuss how government policies and practices have been shaped by the Bringing Them Home Report and the impact this has had on Indigenous Australian peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples and their communities, including the ongoing effects to the current day. Finally it will explore how the Counselling profession can benefit from educating undergraduates on the effects of forcible removal.

Sherwood (2013) discusses that in 1788 Europeans invaded Australia, bringing new diseases, taking ownership of land, treating Aboriginals inhumanely and forcing Aboriginals into crowded and poor living conditions leading to malnutrition and spread of disease. Furthermore, from 1814 – 1970’s Indigenous children were taken from their families to be ‘civilised and educated’, this lead to loss of family and culture ties and loss of trust. Indigenous Australians are still suffering from other long standing effects (Sherwood 2013) such as emotional disconnections from the land, introduced diseases and ongoing discrimination. Sherwood (2013) recognises how this has led to higher rates of depression, suicide and low self-worth and other negative health effects. These psychosocial factors have a negative impact on the health of Indigenous Australians further reducing the health status of Indigenous

Over the course of history, the state of Aboriginal health has deteriorated in a relation much similar to the culture’s struggle to survive in the ever-changing society. As a result, this state has changed from an ideal balance with nature during the days of their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, to the more disoriented form of endurance in order to cope with obligatory integration and open antagonism by other ‘modern’ communities (Grbich, 2004). This has led to an augmentation of the encumbrance of illness and death as well as diverse forms of morbidity that Aboriginal communities experience throughout their lives.

The occupation of Australia involved an inventory of prejudiced and misguided policies against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples that manifested in the “dispossession, physical ill-treatment, social disruption, population decline, economic exploitation, codified discrimination and cultural devastation of the first people of this land” (Vos, Barker, Begg, Stanley & Lopez, 2008, p. 471). It is undisputed that compared with mainstream Australians, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are still experiencing significantly worse health, social and economic outcomes. This essay will investigate how the disadvantaged social status of the First Australians has impacted Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children’s health,

To understand whether or not racism is learnt, we first have to divulge into the nature of racism. It is usually assumed that racism has been a part of civilisation since civilisation started, that it is embedded into how people work and that no matter what, it will always exist. Another assumption is that racism derives from the capitalism of the slave trade by white elitist men seeking to dehumanize people for economic gain, and used racism as a way to mask their financial motives to justify enslavement as righteous. After anti-slavery movements began to happen, the capitalist motives behind slavery “took on a new form as the justification of the ideology of imperialism” [4].