Racism on the Racist: Examining Racial Discrimination’s Effects on its White Subjects in ‘Benito Cereno’, ‘What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?’ and Playing in the Dark
Herman Melville’s short story ‘Benito Cereno’ (1855), Frederick Douglass’ speech ‘What to the Slave is the Fourth of July?’ (1852) and Toni Morrison’s literary critique Playing in the Dark (1993) differ greatly in form and context. Yet each focusses on the binary between white and black Americans, examining the ways by which each of these races perceives and interacts with the other. These racial binaries in the texts demonstrate the ways in which white Americans are affected by their own sense of supremacy, how their culture is shaped by their racism towards African
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This ignorance is, throughout the short story, referred to as Delano’s ‘innocence’, a trait definitive of a man of the New World, unsullied, unlike Europeans, by the corruption of antiquity. At the story’s opening, he is described as ‘a person of a singularly undistrustful good nature, not liable… to indulge in personal alarms any way involving the imputation of malign evil in man’ (37). Since the tale is focalised through Delano, the reader is forced to adopt a similar level of naïveté as the unsuspicious captain, however the third person narrator gives, from the outset, a warning to the reader about Delano’s unwillingness to see bad. ‘Whether, in view, of what humanity is capable,’ they write, ‘such a trait implies… more than ordinary quickness and accuracy of intellectual perception, may be left to the wise to determine’ (38). This humorous interjection of the narrator’s casts Delano’s reliability in a dubious light. This is just one among many signs that the story’s protagonist might be slow on the uptake. Other signals include the abundance of grey imagery in the opening scene, the sky seeming a ‘gray surtout’ filled with flights of both ‘troubled gray fowl’ and ‘troubled gray vapours’ (37), this indeterminate colour suggesting confusion and the deception of appearances; and the San Dominick’s
Ophelia Settle Egypt, informally known as Ophie, was an African American woman ahead of her time. She attained the educational status of less than one percent of the American population, was liberal and accepting of others despite the criticism around her, fought to end racism, worked independently of her husband, and believed in limiting family growth. All of Egypt’s beliefs and lifetime achievements represent a new type of woman: a woman who refuses to assimilate to her gender stereotype of weak, inferior, and domestic. Egypt dedicated her life to social work through various activities. She worked as a sociologist, researcher, teacher, director of organizations, and social worker at different times in her life. Egypt’s book, The Unwritten History of Slavery (1968), and the Planned Parenthood Clinic in Southeast Washington D.C. named after her represent Egypt’s legacy and how one person is capable of social change.
Between the World and Me has been called a book about race, but the author argues that race itself is a flawed, if anything, nothing more than a pretext for racism. Early in the book he writes, “Race, is the child of racism, not the father.” The idea of race has been so important in the history of America and in the self-identification of its people and racial designations have literally marked the difference between life and death in some instances. How does discrediting the idea of race as an immutable, unchangeable fact changes the way we look at our history? Ourselves? In a profound work that pivots from the biggest questions about American history and ideals to the most intimate concerns of a father for his son, Ta-Nehisi Coates offers a powerful new framework for understanding our nation’s history and the current crisis. Americans have built an empire on the idea of “race,” a falsehood that damages us all but falls most heavily on the bodies of black women and men—bodies exploited through slavery and segregation, and, today, threatened, locked up, and murdered out of all proportion. What is it like to inhabit a black body and find a way to live within it? And how can we all honestly reckon with this fraught history and free ourselves from its burden? Between the World and Me is Ta-Nehisi Coates’s attempt to answer these questions in a letter to his adolescent son. Coates shares with his son—and readers—the story of his awakening to the truth about his place in the
Racism in the United States is without a doubt one of the most gruesome forms of inhumanity. This disease generated the dehumanization of slavery which has taken the lives of innumerable innocent African Americans. It has also robbed a whole race of their identities, heritages and cultures. Throughout the myriad of novels, excerpts, poems, videos and other forms of literature that we encountered in this course, it is unmistakable that the African American literary tradition demonstrates that the past (the unbelievable sufferings of African Americans) can never be arrested and forgotten. The many that have perished at the feet of racism are the history of African Americans themselves, and the African American literary tradition makes it a
The coming of the civil war was the result of inevitability, with minor influences of the blundering generation. The North and South had become vastly different in morality, and both blamed the other upon grounds of conspiracy, resulting in a refusal to compromise and the split within the nation. As the union stood divided, the coming of the Civil War was ultimately attributed to the unavoidable conflict within the institution of slavery.
In todays’ society many African Americans’ including myself do not know where there furthest ancestor came from let alone existed; to be honest, the only people of African descent that really know where they come from are those who were born and raised in Africa due to their family not moving. All we know or assume is that our ancestor was brought from Africa; however, that is as much as we know, most African Americans including myself embrace Africa as the motherland but we tend to wonder how deep is our ancestral lineage is rooted within this illustrious continent of Africa. It is no surprise that the slave trade is the reason to blame for our broken connection back to Africa; one can say that the slave trade was economically beneficial to society at that point; however, everything about this unethical and morally repugnant trade, has plagued the African American community till this day. We as a people were set up to be disunited when our ancestor were put in shackles and put on a boat that sailed to the new world .And to this day the constant oppressive nature purposely continue to try to divide and conquer our race, so that we continue to erase any notion of Africa. If disunity is the key of the oppressor; then we must be that strong and resistant door that does not open or budge, which ultimately symbolizes unity we must displayed day in and day out.
In reading Djanet Sears’ Harlem Duet, and listening to Public Enemy’s song “Fight The Power”, one can immediately notice the significance of similarities. Both texts take a stand to racism and all aspects of inequality within it. Although Djanet Sears and Public Enemy express their views on the cultural conflicts of race, opportunity for freedom and political authority/leadership inequality in these two different mediums, play and song, they both share the same message of discrimination and a demand for amendment. In making this critical analysis of how these texts use aspects of their medium to comment on social problems and cultural conflicts, this paper will first discuss the similarities in views of racism within both texts, and how the
It doesn’t take long to figure out that race and ethnicity issues continue to affect America - a quick glance at the news will show the latest riot, hate crime, or police brutality incident. This centuries old struggle has given rise to a number of literary works on the topic, many of which take a different approach to the issue. W.E.B. Du Bois, for instance, published the work The Souls of Black Folk in 1903, arguing for blacks’ right to equality in a horrifically segregated society. In these essays, Du Bois coined the term “double-consciousness,” wherein those with black skin must view the world both from their own perspective, and from the perspective of the predominately white society. The short story Recitatif by Toni Morrison explores this concept through the removal of the characters’ races, and the film Do the Right Thing, directed by Spike Lee, tells a story to demonstrate it. While the former shows double-consciousness through the usage of ambiguity, the latter almost directly references the concept. Taken together, these two sources argue a multi-faceted version double-consciousness, wherein society alienates the characters in ways that go beyond just the color of one’s skin.
Aphra Behn was an extremely significant and influential English writer in the 1600s. One of her more famous works, Oroonoko, discusses the issues of slavery and racism in the Americas. Many people believe that slavery and racism go hand in hand. In fact, these two ideologies are awfully different. Slavery is the act of forcing humans to be treated property whereas racism is the belief that discrimination based on inherently different traits is justifiable. Behn, in Oroonoko, makes the fundamental differences between slavery and racism apparent. With the philosophical views of Rousseau and Trouillot’s
On February 1, 1865 the thirteenth amendment which abolished slavery was added to the United States Constitution. In April of the same year, the Civil War ended and America began its struggle to recover from the war. While slavery had been abolished, freed slaves had a long road ahead of them. Prejudice and discrimination still had a major hold on society all throughout the United States. The federal government could have done much more than it did to help former slaves in the aftermath of the Civil War.
Slavery had also been present in New York from the earliest days of Dutch settlement. As their role expanded so did slavery in the city, 30 percent of its laborers were slaves. Most came from different cultures, spoke different languages, and practiced many regions. Slavery allowed different individuals who would never otherwise have encountered, their bond was not kinship, language, or even race, but the impressment of slavery. They eventually came together an created a cohesive culture and community that took many years, and it processed at different rates of speed in different regions.
“The sheer volume of historical work on slavery has become so cast that keeping up with it is a task of herculean proportions even for experts in the field. For everyone else, it is simply impossible.” The outcome is a society which misrepresents race relations. We do not live in a post racial society, in fact, how much of a society do we even truly live in? Whiteness is the sensation of those colours perceived by the human eyes as being white, blackness is the object of economic disadvantage, restricted opportunities, and community disorganization, consolidating the framework of black culture as black rootlessness, homelessness and namelessness. As generic terms, both are marked by social construction to legitimize the color line, hence blowing the cosmic proportion of the American ideals of ‘life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness’ and celebrating instead the idiom of ‘separate but equal’. The aim of this paper then is to explore how Americans negotiate between ‘blackness’ and ‘whiteness’. The texts offered throughout this course have focused on the injustices done to Blacks throughout United States History, by understanding them together they highlight the atrocities still intact today.
Discrimination against black society has been going on for centuries including today. Slavery on the other hand began in the early 1600’s. The start of slavery began when Africans were taken from their home to be slaves in America, slaves formed uprisings across the states, and a war between the north and the south caused a huge shift in the United States.
This video was an eye opener for me. Although, I was taught a lot about racism in grade school and high school, we didn’t learn the cause of it. This video went into such great depth and explained all of the questions that I’ve accumulated over the years. I learned what happened after slavery began, but I never learned how it began. I learned about the black slaves but I had no such clue that there were white slaves. Just recently I asked myself “what are Germans classified as, if technically they’re not white?” I thought that white people started slavery I had no clue that the Spaniards introduce slavery to the whites. I’m glad that the book and the video provided me with elaborated answers.
1. A form of slavery that I experienced was “Racism” through cyber bullying. Cyber racism is when racism can take many forms such as jokes or comments that cause offence or hurt, and are resulted in the form of name-calling, verbal abuse, harassment and intimidation. This includes words and images that are communicated via websites, blogs and social networking sites. What I have experienced in my life was on one of my posts on Facebook, when I posted a picture of me and my family at a religious event, where my sisters and my mother were wearing hijabs (Traditional piece of clothing), some unknown and unfamiliar person had commented and left negative remarks against the way the hijab was wrapped around my mother and sisters heads.
Solomon’s Northup ‘12 Years a Slave’ is an autobiography book that narrates his life journey in regaining his freedom as a freeman. He emphasizes the concept of racism and freedom in his ‘12 Years a Slave’. This essay explores the research question “How does Northup portray the concept of racism and freedom in the novel ‘12 Years A Slave’?”. This essay begins with an introduction that outlines the background of racism and freedom in the novel and how the novel has provided detailed information that helps in analyzing. The essay continues with outlines of racism that occurs during 1840’s. The main analysis is included in the body; racism during Solomon’s abduction, how were they treated by his masters, what were his thoughts and