Radical Prostatectomy Essay

TREATMENT of localized prostate cancer usually includes prostatectomy and radiation therapy, occasionally augmented with hormonal therapies. However, Fu et al., (2012) have noted that recurrence of prostate cancer occurs in about 15% of patients within 5 years after prostatectomy and in about 40% patients within 10 years. Although, more than 70% of patients are expected to survive for more than 10 years after prostatectomy, radiation or hormone therapy, Cooperberg et al.,(2010) argued that localized prostate cancer patients with intermediate or high risk scores have higher mortality rate after these treatments. With chemotherapies as the existing treatment options for metastatic prostate cancers, patients are expected to have only a median survival of 12-15 months. Bono et al.,(2006). However, most of these traditional treatments are invasive and riddled with adverse side effects. Therefore, novel therapies are on high demand for the treatment of the malignant and recurrent forms of prostate cancer after these

Ben-Or, S., Nifong, W., & Chitwood, W. (2013). Robotic Surgical Training. The Cancer Journal, 19(2), 120-123.

Al). This includes the increase in dexterity, the restore of proper hand-eye coordination, and improvement of visualization (Meyers et al.). In Cameron Scott’s article from the Healthline News, “Is da Vinci Robotic Surgery a Revolution or a Ripoff?,” he states that robotic devices including the da Vinci surgical device succeeds well in urology and the removal of prostate. Prostate removal is extremely difficult for open surgery practice, however the da Vinci made is easier with about 90 percent of these kinds of surgeries are now done robotically (Scott). Some evidence even suggest that with robotics used in prostatectomy, there is less blood loss, faster recovery, and fewer internal scarring (Scott.). There are many other examples from hospitals and manufactures that support the uses of robotic surgery and its benefits. However, even though these new technologies of robotic devices are supposedly be helping patients and making surgeries less invasive, they are still many concerns of how they should be properly regulated.

Another method to detect this cancer is with a Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA). Protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells is reflected the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue in the PSA. The higher the PSA level is the more likely it is that Prostate Cancer present. (“Prostate

Due to emergence of new techniques in management of prostate cancer as cryotherapy, high intensity focused ultrasound focal laser ablation, intensity-modulated radiation therapy, radiofrequency ablation, and others. Assessment of local aggressiveness of prostate cancer became a key point in its management (Lebovici A., et al , 2014)

The question is what treatment I would chose, and this wasn’t an easy choice to make since there is still clinical trials going on and surgery sometimes isn’t the answer. So I chose radiation treatment therapy. Since there are different forms of radiation therapy it can be used in early stages of prostate cancer and also advanced and recurrent prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the commonest malignancy tumour in men and is second in cancer related death after lung cancer. PCa is mainly adenocarcinomas originating from the cortex of the gland (D’Elia et al. 2014).

Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are

In the case for PSA screening, PCa is the leading internal malignancy in US men and the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Early detection of prostate cancers offers the best chance of cure. The PSA blood test is the best chance of cure. Currently, the PSA blood test is the best currently available way to detect PCa and it is easy, safe and inexpensive. PSA test results is a piece of information, it is what doctors do with the information that becomes the issue. However, the great majority of PSA detected tumors have the histologic characteristics of clinically important cancers. Also, PSA detection has found tumors early advancing the diagnosis by Seeral years (5-13) and prostate cancer mortality rates in U.S have decreased by 4% (patho book) since 1992, which is 5 years after initiation of prostate screenings. The dilemma is over treating the clinically unimportant disease versus under

I chose Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP), this particular treatment seemed to have a much better chance of taking place with much less pain, less blood and less hospital stays. It also has faster recovery. I think the Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) is a better option treatment for prostate cancer patients because I would think the patient would want treatment that has worked in the past and something that would be done with not a lot of hospital stay. Choosing a treating is a difficult task, deciding which treatment is best and right for the patient. It is important that before making a decision have the physician further explain complication

Prostate cancer originates in the secretory epithelial compartment of the prostate. The major function of these cells is to secrete protein components of prostatic fluid such as MSMB. With progression to metastasis, cells proliferate faster and lose their differentiated secretory phenotype. Expression of the mRNA of tumor suppressors and many cytoskeletal proteins decline. On the other hand, expression of genes associated with cell cycle [cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases] and protection from apoptosis [BIRC5] increase. As tumors grow, they become hypoxic due to characteristics of the tumor specific blood supply.

However, subsequently continuous research, shows very low rate of mortality due to the use of PSA and following on the procedure had to be legalized, but can only be repeated every two years or more. PSA quantities can also be used to classify the prostate cancer tumors either high risk, intermediate, or low risk tumors. A PSA level higher than 20ng/ml indicates that the cancer is high risk and with this level there is not much that can be done to help the patient. When the PSA level is at 10ng/ml or less, it indicates that the cancer is low risk and with early detection can be controlled through treatments and other management methods. PSA levels of between 10-20ng/ml are indication of intermediate level of prostrate cancer and can easily be managed through continuous care and treatment (Matthews,

While many illnesses and diseases are well understood, prostate cancer is one of the remaining cancerous conditions that is shrouded in misunderstanding. There are several main reasons for this, not the least of which is that men as a group, simply do not want to deal with this very common no cancerous condition.

According to Ferrante, Shaw, and Scott (2011), prostate cancer is the most common cancer and second most common cancer death among men in the United States. Early detection permits appropriate and timely management, which can allow clinicians to treat the cancer effectively. When detected at early or regional stage, prostate cancer has a five-year survival rate of about 100%. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is the most widely used tumor marker and was approved by the FDA in 1994 as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (Duffy, 2011). PSA screening helps detect prostate cancer earlier, at lower clinical stages, and with a lower Gleason score (Cho et al., 2015).

The men whom underwent screening were exposed to unnecessarily harm of treatment. In contrast, the ERSPC trial indicated a decrease in mortality via PSA and DRE screening (National Cancer Institute, 2017). In support, PSA detects benign tumours however, discovery of tumours does not reduce death rate. However, in the United Kingdom 2006, 35,515 men diagnosed with prostate cancer, 10,168 of that died from the disease (rokar Dasgupta, 2012). It’s thought that PSA screening in general, gives rise to expectancy of life, prevents advance prostate cancer and prostate cancer related deaths, reduces the number of biopsies with negative results outside screening programme. In divergence, every 1 – 4-years attendance for screening, overtreatment, false reassurance of negative results and screening giving PSA false positive test results leading to unnecessary biopsies (rokar Dasgupta, 2012). In support, small tumours may not need immediate action, (over diagnosis, overtreatment). Overtreatment leads to complications, exposure to side effects; incontinence, erectile disfunction, and infection. Early detection doesn’t stop malignant growth with rapid metastasis. In addition, false positives given via PSA assay, leads to unnecessary treatment of healthy prostates, 25% of men that undergo biopsy have indolent PCa. Study shows, patients who’ve undergone PSA and prostatectomy, showed little reduction in PCa mortality in contrast to those on active surveillance over 12 years. There is