Radicalization In Prisons

Freedom from prison can uplift a person and individuals strive for the right to become members of society again (Caplan, 2006). Someone granted parole can fail to successfully blend back into his or her community. Sometimes when individuals are fresh out of prison it is harder for previously convicted criminals to get jobs or even be accepted by society again. Ignoring the potential of rehabilitated ex-offenders and withholding resources such as the opportunity to have a real

Additionally, Cohen notes that a major consequence of prisons as institutions of labelling and risk management is the idea that prisons now enable the state to over-police populations that have been identified as high-risk. Cohen noted that most prison populations have been maintained or even intensified in the third period of modern crime control (McMahon, 1990). If the theoretical function allows the state to identify at-risk individuals, then a possible extension of this function would be that the state can now prioritise the policing of groups it identifies as at-risk. However, this results in groups being over-policed and as a result, overrepresented in prison. Moreover, this overrepresentation then perpetuates offending amongst these

Ever since post 9/11 conflicts began and the United States became involved in the Syrian conflict, several homegrown radicalized terrorist have come extremely close to succeeding in highly destructive attacks. Currently, there are gaps in understanding the radicalization of homegrown Muslims in the United States. Therefore, it is imperative to understand paths towards radicalization through crime prevention strategies (Kamien, 2012). The sources listed below will aid in the psychological background of radicalization, and how radicalization happens to homegrown Muslim converts and non-converts (Schumacher, 2011).

Finally, there is widespread violence within private prisons between prisoners with others and between prisoners with staff. When there are many problems in the system, guard and protection inside prisons that creates violence with serious consequences "When you combine solitary confinement, abuse, lack of basic medical and mental health care, and denial of basic human needs, it's a recipe for disaster." (Fischer,2013). Some prisons allow male and female inmates to have sex and that led to sexual assaults and violence. For example, a woman committed suicide inside a GEO Group prison in Texas state after being sexually assaulted by a guard and two inmates; that occurred after allowing sex inside prisons without any control(Fischer,2013). One the other hand, the prison employees allowed or ignoring the problems that occur inside the prison, such as drug abuse between prisoners and staff assist to drug trafficking inside cells that led to increased violence.

Chip Ellis is a coordinator for the National Memorial Institute for the prevention of Terrorism and he provides some very insightful information on how someone in prison becomes radicalized and loyal to a terrorist group (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015). The type of inmates that are most susceptible to radicalization are those who feel they have little worth, require protection, and looking to identify with a group (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015). Mr. Ellis states that these types of folks while in prison have little distractions and extremists take advantage of this by subjecting them to other radical inmates and preach anti-US rhetoric during their prayer time (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015). Even the FBI states that al-Qaeda attempts to enlist these convicts estimated at a population of 9,600 (Schmalleger & Smykla, 2015). John Pistole, a FBI counterterrorism chief, said this: “These terrorists seek to exploit our freedom to exercise religion to their advantage by using radical forms of Islam to recruit operatives”. The question then, is how can we prevent terrorists from taking advantage of our religious freedom?

Neumann, Prisons matter. They have played an enormous role in the narratives of every radical and militant movement in the modern period. They are ‘places of vulnerability’ in which radicalization takes place. Yet they have also served as incubators for peaceful change and transformation. Much of the current discourse about prisons and radicalization is negative. But prisons are not just a threat – they can play a positive role in tackling problems of radicalization and terrorism in society as a whole. Many of the examples in this report demonstrate how prisons can become net contributors to the fight against terrorism. therefore, for many prison systems, the first and most important recommendation is to improve general conditions, avoid over-crowding, train staff, and provide meaningful programming that allows prisoners to develop stable inmate identities. Prison imams are important in denying religious space to extremists, but they are not a panacea. finally, while certain countries fall short of even the most basic good practices, others have recognized the enormous potential for prisons to become net contributors in the fight against terrorism. ( Peter R. Neumann. 2010. Prisons and Terrorism.

Baz’s journey now moves to South Africa, which has experienced centuries of grand inequality marked by crime and poverty. South Africa is known for its violence: the rate of violent death is eight times the global average. In particular, South African prisons are very dangerous because of the large presence of gang members known as the Numbers. The government had no policy on prevention of sexual violence in prisons so crime was very common. However, even when Baz’s taxi driver warned her of the preeminent dangers, she showed bravery and wanted to make a difference at the Pollsmoor Correction Facility. Pollsmoor was born primarily for capitalistic purposes, not criminal justice ones. In fact, after World War II, the area’s farms demanded prison

One other issue at another level is that the prison is being designated for radicalisation to quickly. T. Marshall L. criticizing the author of Spectacular few and also the database brought by him including prison radicalisation/terrorism persons for condemn without specific evidence. The point is that it is hard to prove radicalisation and it is easy to deny. For the inmates it will be effortless to point at the freedom of religion and refer to exercise of religion. There is not much space between legitimate expression of faith and extremist ideologies. Radicalisation is an abstract phenomenon and in prison it occurs verbally between persons. This is of course hard to prove the existence of and as Marshall also stated is that most of the

Prisons have a tendency to render prisoners in different configurations. These different groups each have different attitudes for radicalisation and recruitment

Radicalization is a complex social phenomenon yet a perceptual clarity of the process is necessary in order to understand why some counter measures works and others do not. Radicalization does not occur in a vacuum; it entails people and originates from their regular interaction with social and political world they inhabit. Nevertheless, radicalization in itself is not treated as ‘evil’ because many of the world’s leading thinkers, politicians and scientists were radicals in their own domains. The process starts having an idea – a different albeit, nurturing conviction and finally gathering all the means to materialize the idea. However, all the radicals eventually reach a ‘bifurcation point’ wherefrom some decides to adopt violence and other

There is a rapidly growing literature on this process of radicalization. Though there is no single cause, and violent behavior does not necessarily follow radical attitudes that support the use of violence (Neumann 2013; Leuprecht et al. 2010), little is known regarding the actual causal mechanisms (Silke 2008). In the media and popular discussion, the Internet is often cited

     America releases 600,000 prisoners each year, but does little to prepare them for work or to improve their unlawful habits. However—not surprisingly—within three years, many of the ex-convicts are re-arrested (Irwin 38). People who have already spent time in prison or jail move back to some of America’s poorest neighborhoods to terrorize neighbors who can ill afford the costs of crime. United States prisons are ineffective in protecting society and in rehabilitating criminals to return to society.

Person’s born of Islam are more influential over minority members concerning religious, by positions of authority. They also use extremist media such as literature and videos to persuade Islam beliefs to radicalize and recruit (U.S. Department of Justice, 2016). The radicalization and recruitment also focuses on prisoners in need of food, family, or help (Mawyer, 2014). The U.S. correctional system does not believe radicalization and recruitment falls beyond prison or jails doors, suggesting radicalization and recruitment is not a threat to national security (U.S. Department of Justice, 2016). Furthermore, communities at risk are the United States prisons and jails, while critics believe only a small amount of domestic radicalized persons are converted in prison or jail (The Hindustan Times, 2011). Citing other threats to the country needs addressing.

Radicalization is a process of socialization to extremism. Radicalization processes is what lead to acts of terrorism. It thrives in an enabling environment with a sediments of injustice, exclusion and humiliation among the terrorists groups. Triggering factors varying in accordance to individual experience and personal pathways to radicalization, it is due to global, sociological and political drivers such as extreme marginalization, general decline or globalization. Hence, to analyze the drivers of radicalization, we need to understand the collective grievances behind radicalism by making comparisons of primary causes of radicalization which will ultimately lead to terrorism in different terrorists groups like ISIS and LTTE, will allow us to decide if whether terrorism is primarily due to globalization.

De-radicalization is a process that aims at disengaging a person or a group of individuals, voluntarily or otherwise, from their radical views and activities. The methods and techniques not only emphasize on undermining and reversing the already accomplished radicalization, but also prevent the potential risk of new generation from falling into violent extremism in the community. Before determining appropriate de-radicalization initiatives to put in place, the success depends on the understanding of radicalization itself. In particular, this involves a critical assessment of radicalization including its magnitude, impact to the society, the target population, and factors that influence individuals to radicalization.