Randomized Control Trial Summary

Prior to the subretinal injection of Luxturna, an ophthalmologist performs a vitrectomy to remove the vitreous gel within the eye. The AAV2 vector is then injected in close proximity to the retinal pigment epithelium at a very high concentration (Russell et al 849). Each eye is treated separately to monitor potential complications and prevent immune responses. The potential risks the vitrectomy procedure and injection include cataract formation, infection, retinal tears, and macular holes and macular tears (Russell et al 851). In addition, ophthalmologists require further subretinal injection training before performing this procedure.

Salem, Massachusetts and the world had been in times of turmoil. Salem, Massachusetts was in a forsaken and vile time between 1692 and 1693. Witches had been believed to exist and they had been believed to have possession of people within Salem from an act of the devil. There had been many people of Salem that were accused of being a witch. In the act of trying to get something through evil is where Abigail Williams went wrong in 1692.

Like many diseases, Open-Angle Glaucoma is very similar to other non-communicable disease, such as diabetes, where the disease causes damage prior to any observable signs or symptoms show. An early diagnosis and treatment for Open-Angle Glaucoma is critical to reserve any remaining vision. Open-Angle Glaucoma can be prevented, however, visual loss from glaucoma cannot be reversed.  “As of 2011, over 2.7 million individuals are estimated to have primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in the United States, a number projected to increase to 7.3 million by 2050.” (Zebardast, N., Solus, J. F., Quigley, H. A., Srikumaran, D., & Ramulu, P.

Bevacizumab is a monoclonal antibody to VEGF and binds to VEGF re-ceptor and prevents binding of VEGF to the receptor7. Various studies have shown the decrease in VEGF levels after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab8. The advantages of bevacizumab are the intravitreal injec-tion is a short procedure. In most cases single injection was effective8. In cases where rubeosis iris, rigid pupil or poor visibility precludes use of Laser, avastin can be used. The drug is relatively impermeable to blood retinal barrier9. Thus the systemic absorption is less. In a 5 year follow up study after Avastin injection - no systemic effects was found10. Only ocu-lar effect reported was myopia11.

The eye retention is one of the main goals of the conservative treatment, but in some cases enucleation can be indicated due to complications after therapy e.g. secondary neovascular glaucoma (Furdova et al. 2005).

Retinal vein occlusion is the second leading cause of vascular disorder after diabetic retinopathy.1 Retinal vein occlusions are classified into 3 categories depending on the location of the thrombus formation; branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), and hemi retinal vein occlusion (Hemi-RVO). 7 BRVO is considered to be the most common among the retinal vein occlusions.6 BRVO occurs more often in men than women. Asians (5.7 per 1000) and Hispanics (6.9 per 1000) are at greater risk of developing BRVO than other ethnicities.6 The age range of patients diagnosed with retinal vein occlusion ranges from young as 14 years of age to old as 92 years of age, with 51% of patients being older than 65 years.3 Advancing age is an important risk factor for developing retinal vein occlusions. Prevalence of retinal vein occlusions in 40-49 years old is 1.57 per 1,000, 4.58 per 1,000 in 50-59 years old, 11.11 per 1,000 in 60-69 years old, 12.76 per 1,000 in 70-79 years old, and 10.32 per 1,000 in those older than 80 years.6

Glaucoma is a disease that damages the optic nerve because of extra fluid increasing pressure in the eye (Boyd). It is also the leading cause of blindness if left untreated in people over sixty Boyd states. Varieties of options are available for treatment regarding glaucoma and all are intended to lower the blood pressure and protect optic nerve (Radhakrishan and Iwach). Glaucoma can be treated with eye drops, pills, and surgery or a combination of these methods. (“Treating Glaucoma”). Right now eye drops are the first choice of treatment because they lower eye pressure, helping fluid drain better or decreasing fluid made by the eye (Radhakrishan and Iwach). As is states in the article “Treating Glaucoma” when eye drops cannot control the glaucoma,

In a study done by Emadedin et al. in 2012, they injected MSC from each respective patients bone marrow, into six female volunteers with evidence of knee OA that was severe enough to require joint replacement surgery. The authors described a detailed, meticulous procedure in how they obtained the MSC from the patient’s bone marrow, and made it into the cells they needed for the procedure. They injected the patient’s affected knee joints with the stem cells and followed up with them in one year. At the one year mark, Emadedin et al. (2012) found that overall, the study was successful in decreasing pain and increasing the patients walking distance for the first 6 months. However, they discovered that 3 of the

As humans, we don't always see with our eyes, but often with our imagination (Grunwald, 2016). Often times as people we never realize how useful our vision really is to us. You really don't think about something like that until it would actual happen to you. Throughout this essay, you will learn how the body is affected by Macular Degeneration (MD). Different signs and symptoms, as well as the etiology of MD, will be discussed. In the following, diagnosis tests and treatments may also be listed in order to help others who would like to know more about MD. Not to mention, you will learn the incidence and progression of MD. Furthermore, information though agencies and associations, as well as new research about MD will be given.

In this article Munro, Watson, and McFadyen, (2006) conduct a controlled trial in which assesses the significance of the training personnel who work directly with people who possess mental health and substance e abuse problems receive. The sample was administered in a NHS mental health service and incorporated a sample size of 49 (27.8%) mental health nurses, either in adult generic mental health or addictions services, out of 176 nurses who were initially invited to take the survey. 24 of the nurses were assigned to the experimental group (receiving training) and the rest (25) of the nurses were sent to the control group (receiving no training). Data was retrieved at three different times using surveys. The first survey was taken before training , training would last for 4 days, and then the latter two surveys were allotted following right after and then again 6 months later.

In a randomized control trial by Smith, Usher, Alcock, and Petra (2013), the researchers aim to determine whether the use of NeoWrap, a polyethylene occlusive wrap, immediately after birth was more effective than standard protocol to control hypothermia in NICU admissions. Participants consist of 92 infants under 27 weeks of gestation and 44 infants less than 30 weeks gestation. The infants are randomly assigned to be in either the control or the intervention group; the control group is transferred under the prewarmed heater immediately after birth, dried and wrapped with prewarmed towels, and applied a hat. The intervention group is wrapped from the neck the down with the polyethylene wrap before being transferred to the prewarmed heater and undergoing the aforementioned process. World Health Organization’s definition for hypothermia, as cited by Smith et al. (2013), is a temperature of less than 36.5 degrees Celsius. This parameter was used by the researchers, and the temperatures of the infants were taken upon birth and upon NICU admissions as well as admission time for both the control and intervention groups. The temperature was taken axillary on the infant at birth, upon admission to the NICU and every 30 minutes using a digital thermometer until the infant reached 120 minutes postadmission. The results showed that although the usage of wrap increased the temperature in neonates less than 27 weeks old, no statistically significant difference on neonates 27 to 29

The controlled and randomized double blind trials refer to a situation in which a medicine investigator is not familiar with the nature of a drug. The term may also mean that a scientist does not realize that a drug is being tested maybe for certain diseases. Such medicines may be under surveillance, and they are only administered in a small prescribed amount in case of any side-effects. For a typical scientific research, the desires, expectations and beliefs can subconsciously influence, often, how people perceive things. In clinical research and preliminary psychology, these values are broadly recognized, thus explaining the rationale on why studies from subjects are regularly carried out under

Treatment of open-angle glaucoma usually begins with prescription eyedrops. These eyedrops lower pressure inside the eyeball, either by causing the eye to produce less fluid or by helping fluid to drain more. As an alternative to medication or when medication does not control glaucoma, laser surgery can be done. This surgery, also called laser trabeculoplasty, uses a laser to make the openings in the eye's drainage network larger. If medication and laser surgery are unsuccessful, conventional eye surgery may be necessary to make a new opening for fluid to leave the eye.

The randomised control trial design is seen as a “golden standard” of quality and reliable studies, but for population level health interventions as community water fluoridation, it is unfeasible to apply it. (Iheozor-Ejiofor et al., 2015; Parnell et al., 2009). A prominent professional literature, including recent Cochrane review, recommends for the cessation studies, prior-and-after research design conducted in two different locations. To establish a baseline, the first survey need to be organised where a community water is still fluoridated in both areas. Subsequent study will take place two years after the termination of water fluoridation in one of this places. The proposed research will be

First, the plasminogen is isolated from human plasma by affinity chromatography. Then it is concentrated and activated by the addition of streptokinase. Finally, it is sterilized by filtration. Although the use of plasmin obtained by chromatography has been found to be safe and efficient, the production of the plasmin enzyme is technically and logistically difficult and expensive. Hence, other alternative method has been proposed to facilitate the production of the APE for vitreoretinal surgery; 1 hour before surgery a sample of the patient’s blood is centrifuged and incubated with streptokinase. Using this method, Rizzo and coauthors reported the presence of PVD in 85% of the eyes which received the APE solution intravitreally.193 Pharmacologic vitreolysis by intravitreal injection of APE has been proposed by several researchers. In a pilot study, Williams et al.168 assessed the use of the APE as an adjuvant to vitreous surgery in eyes with advanced diabetic retinopathy. A beneficial surgical result was also reported in cases of pediatric macular194 and idiopathic macular holes in adults.195 There is evidence of a favorable effect of plasmin on the ultrastructure of the ILL and its separation from the vitreous, as reported by Asami et al.169 However, the efficacy and toxicity of intravitreal APE is dosedependent. Intravitreal injection of 0.4 IU of plasmin has been