Randomized Trial of a Control Group and an Experimental Group: A Comparative Analysis

Psychological empowerment, according to Zimmerman (1995, p. 590), has three major components that “merge to form a picture of a person who believes that he or she has the capability to influence a given context [intrapersonal component], understands how the system works in that context [interactional component], and engages in behaviours to exert control in the context” [behavioural component], which exemplify development of consciousness.

This essay will review the literature on the effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Cognitive Behavioural Therapy was developed by Aaron Beck in the early 1960s and originally it was defined as cognitive therapy (CT). According to Beck (1967, 1976) cognitive therapy is a time restricted but structured approach, which is used effectively in treatment of many different mental illnesses. Despite the fact that the literature covers this therapy in a variety of contexts, this paper will mainly focus on applying CBT to depression. Depression can be described as a type of afflicted psychological well being, where the individual lacks confidence in their own worth (DH, 2004). Overall, this paper will review literature which is of

The depression groups baseline and posttest depression mean scores dropped by 0.64 (14 - 13.36). The hypothesis stated that the empowerment program will result in the improvement in the depression result by decreasing and that is why this was expected. As the depression result is improving this is appositive impact on the self-care efficiency of the ESRD patients.

The self-care self-efficacy SD was higher than the empowerment group. The higher the SD the greater the dispersion.

The standard deviation was 20.86. For the SAT Verbal, the mean was 595.05, the median was 598.5, and the mode was 590. The standard deviation was 16.197. For the Test Anxiety Questionnaire, the mean was 24.25, the median was 23.5, and bimodal of 20 and 37. The standard deviation was 8.098.

The collective wisdom across studies supports the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy for minor depression. However, there are limitations to prescribing cognitive behavioral therapy frequently for the first-line treatment of depression. The primary limitation identified is the inadequate number of therapists to administer cognitive-behavioral therapy (Linde et al., 2015). Additional research is attempting to identify successful methods of administering cognitive behavioral therapy in a remote fashion (Linde et al., 2015).

Answer: The mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group were identical. Both means equaled 10.40, which indicate that there was no change in the level of depression of the control group subjects from baseline to posttest. This result strengthens the validity of the study findings, indicating that the empowerment program resulted in a decrease in the depression scores for the experimental group.

In this article Munro, Watson, and McFadyen, (2006) conduct a controlled trial in which assesses the significance of the training personnel who work directly with people who possess mental health and substance e abuse problems receive. The sample was administered in a NHS mental health service and incorporated a sample size of 49 (27.8%) mental health nurses, either in adult generic mental health or addictions services, out of 176 nurses who were initially invited to take the survey. 24 of the nurses were assigned to the experimental group (receiving training) and the rest (25) of the nurses were sent to the control group (receiving no training). Data was retrieved at three different times using surveys. The first survey was taken before training , training would last for 4 days, and then the latter two surveys were allotted following right after and then again 6 months later.

In a study done by Emadedin et al. in 2012, they injected MSC from each respective patients bone marrow, into six female volunteers with evidence of knee OA that was severe enough to require joint replacement surgery. The authors described a detailed, meticulous procedure in how they obtained the MSC from the patient’s bone marrow, and made it into the cells they needed for the procedure. They injected the patient’s affected knee joints with the stem cells and followed up with them in one year. At the one year mark, Emadedin et al. (2012) found that overall, the study was successful in decreasing pain and increasing the patients walking distance for the first 6 months. However, they discovered that 3 of the

The Empowerment Evaluation was presented by David Fetterman, mostly use for political issues. It was defined as an evaluation that helped with one owns self-determinations and purposes throughout the mayor decisions we face day by day. Used also in organizations to determine their main goals and give a sense of power on the topic to those who are working together for a solution or to create a new idea for a certain topic. This evaluation helps people but most importantly help yourself.

Due to the many complications associated with ESRD physiological needs takes precedence over psychological needs within in-center hemodialysis. Healthcare providers in the hemodialysis center fail to recognize the importance of the impact psychological health can have on their patients’ quality of life. The focus of this paper will be on improving quality patient care among ESRD patients who are undergoing hemodialysis by screening for depression.

a. The study was designed as an experimental research by using independent and dependent variables.

The process approach empowerment as a macro approach focuses on empowerment as a function of the relationships between structural antecedents and resulting psychological states. This approach functions to integrate into a single model the constructs associated with both the structural and the psychological approach (Francescato, D., & Aber, M. S, 2015,

Figure 2. Change in self-assessed leadership skills, represented as percentages of the pre-assessment survey means.

The Rotter’s Locus of control scale has an internal consistency of about 0.65 to 0.79. The test-retest reliability ranged between 0.49 and 0.83. With regards to validity, there is a correlation between Rotter’s Locus of control scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale which ranges between -0.41 and -0.12 (Rotter, 1966).