Rationale Behind Marketisation Of Care

Q4 Describe how issues of public concern have altered the way that the public views the adult health and social care sector. (2.2)

In this report I will be investigating how care services meet the needs of individuals by firstly analysing the needs of an individual using care services. Then I will go on to explain the roles of the care planning process in identifying needs, and explain the features of a positive care practise. After explaining that, I will analysis positive care environments and evaluate how they meet needs before finally explaining the role of legislation in promoting a positive care environment.

This essay will examine how the development of the Welfare State and the NHS changed the lives of the people of Britain since its introduction in 1948. To enable me to do so, I will analyse and evaluate the key relevant aspects that happened during that period.

The Australian health care system is a highly functioning and accessible system based on universal principles of access and equity. In this essay I will discuss the historical evolution and current structure of our health system, identifying current health service models of delivery and look at its strengths, weaknesses, policies and health priorities currently in Australia. I will discuss the roles of government and non-government health services in service provision and funding sources of Australian health. We will get a better insight of the role of standards for residential aged care and look into a broad range of professions that consumers may engage with in health service delivery, their roles and functions of each profession.

D2- Evaluate the influence of two major theories of ageing on health and social care provision.

The Community Care and Health Act 2002 brought this about; the Act stipulates that local authorities must make available direct payment to those who utilise community care services. Riddell, Ahlgren, Pearson, Watson, MacFarlane, no date).This is money which is paid directly to a person in need of care to employ someone of their own choice to support them in their daily living (Age Concern, no date). The negative factor of this payment is that it is not regulated. It is difficult therefore to monitor and asses if the person is receiving the care they require (Somerset City Council, 2011).

However an alternate, competing explanation of the personalisation reform agenda also emerged. It criticizes personalisation as a form of back-door commercialisation, driven not by need but by an increasingly neoliberal, political ideology of which the primary aims are to cut costs and relieve the statutory services of responsibility for care.

Kunkel, Brown, and Whittington (2014) express that “the world’s older population is growing more than twice as fast as the world’s total population (United Nations, 2009)” (p.1). With an increasing aging population, it is crucial to keep in mind the health care these older adults are receiving. The United States has many private out of pocket insurances, as well as the Affordable Care Act for their citizens; however, a program called Medicare is offered for their elderly population. On the other hand, England offers universal healthcare, called National Health Service to all of their citizens, including the elderly. Although the United States and England provide health care through different systems, they still both supply quality coverage for their older population.

The funding mechanisms for social care services enable service user’s access to a range of services to support themselves in their own homes, institutional care and hospitals. In terms of finances a legislative framework was introduced, resources were transferred from the National Health Service and the Department of Social Security to local authorities, and social work departments were given a key role in the planning, assessment and commissioning of community care services.

The history of case management was associated with not for profit organizations funded publicly. These services were usually targeted towards low-income elderly. The services were used to keep the elderly at home with services that offer support instead of putting them in a nursing home. The term care management originated when higher income families needed care for their elderly but did not qualify for a case manager. Families would pay care managers for the services that a case manager provided. ((Lencioni, McConnell, & Cress, 2012). The history of case management on the development of “Fee for Service” care management is that not for profit organizations had to get use to charging clients fees when they were not use to charging clients.

While we all remember being cautious of letters filled with white powder containing anthrax after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, the first recorded use of anthrax as a deliberate act of aggression was dated in the early 1900s during WWI (CDC, 2016). The Hippocratic injunction of “first, do no harm” is impossible to follow when it comes to responding to a disaster, but instead, the ethical rule that should be followed by healthcare providers is to perform to one own’s ability without intentionally causing harm especially when dealing with bioterrorism and emergency preparedness from anthrax (Koenig & Schultz, 2016). A healthcare provider should act in a reasonably cautious way as any other provider would act in a similar

In the section of roles of each sector in care diamonds, the roles of the state, market, family and community have been discussed. This section would briefly summarize these sectors and describe the big picture of care system for older people in urban China.

These days, there are a lot of competition in a range of industries like restaurants and hotels. They are constantly looking for ways of cutting down on their costs of operation to maintain their profits. When it comes cutting down on costs, they often cut down on their professional catering equipment. The equipments are not just about the prices. There are so many things that they have to consider when buying the ideal tools like for instance the reputation of the brand, size of the equipment, the output speed along with convenience of use.

At the wave of the NPM, Western Countries policies and standards reinforced the new configuration of CHS (Gallego, 2000), which on the other hand obtained an important social consensus in the Catalan territory (Sabaté i Casellas, 2015). All health systems in the high-income world, being Bismarckian, Beveridge, or even private models (such as the United States) were (and still are) mutually influenced (Fletcher, 2014), applying NPM methods in health and other social welfare different ways (Hood, 1996). Indeed, the UK NHS is a good example, experiencing at that time the increase of consumerism, the establishment of services’ standardization and competitive tendering for ancillary services, inspired by the speeches

Based on the theories of neo-classical economics, Greener (2008) proposed two main types of benefits of the promotion of markets in welfare service delivery: 1) empowering purchasing power of service users; 2) improve competition and efficiency of providers. These benefits of marketization represent in the field of care for older people. First, the market provision empowers service users to ‘exercise consumer sovereignty’ (Greener, 2008) through greater opportunities of choices (Daly and Lewis, 2000; Drakeford, 2007). In respect of this, the market could improve quality of services and push the older care move from producer-driven to consumer-driven provision. Second, market mechanism emphasizes the improvement of quality and reduction of costs through competition among providers, which inherently promotes efficiency (Brennan et al., 2012). Yet, there is no agreement of all these benefits has been taken place in practice or not. For example, Lewis and West (2014) argue that changes in ‘greater choice’, ‘flexibility’, and ‘responsiveness’ is very little, but the cost has been saved indeed.