Reaction Paper On Mungbean

In today’s society we face many problems as a nation and as a world, from economics, to war, to famine. These issues often cause us to overlook the most basic need: to look out for our planet's well being. Our main goal should be to conserve our natural resources such as soil and water. Agriculture, ironically, is often one of the factors that is contributing to the destruction of our soil and water. Farmers apply fertilizer, pesticides and many other chemicals to use on their fields. Fertilizer stimulates soil microbes, which consume organic

Since the beginning of agricultural farming, farmers have utilized processes of selection and sorts of “cross-breeding” in order to improvise upon the quality of the crops that they farm. The process of selection consists of a very systematic means of selecting crops and plants that have fertilized in a superior mode than that of sister plants from the same crop. The utilization of these superior crops helps to ensure more consistent plants and crops that reflect that of the superior selection. Crop selection may also refer to the specific types of crops chosen for agricultural farming. These selections are based on the simplicity of farming that crop and it’s profitability (Bareja, 2011). “Cross-breeding” in farming and agriculture consists of the

Population is expected to reach 9 billion in 2030. At the same time agricultural land is becoming scarcer and poorer in quality. Furthermore, the environmental impact of intensive agriculture and the effects of climate change are threatening food security in many regions of the globe. Further, shortage of fossil fuels will have dramatic effects on the performance of intensive agriculture. There is an urge to develop more ecological agricultural practices both to meet the need to preserve agroecosystems health and to deal with the reduced availability of “cheap” energy from fossil fuels. (Gomiero, T., Paoletti, M., & Pimentel, D. 2008).

World population projections currently expect another 2 billion people in the world by 2050, and simultaneously, there isn’t expected to be any measurable change in the quantity of arable land to match this level of growth. Already, the United Nations is grappling with the realities of a global food shortage crisis, meaning that, even without the next 2 billion people added to the global population, world leaders are struggling to feed the mouths we presently have. Experts are turning everywhere for solutions, including the already realized prospect of genetically modified (GM) crops that are uniquely resistant to pesticides, harsh winters and other threats as a means to create more food sources and consolidate them.

In order to avoid mass malnutrition, there needs to be a 70% increase in food production by 2050 (Isaacson 2015). One way to increase crop yield to meet this need is to use more land to produce more food. However, 40% percent of the planet’s total landmass is already used for agriculture (Isaacson 2015). Where could we find the land and resources to sustain such an increase in food production? To address these issues, we could slash and burn forests to create arable land and increase agricultural inputs such as water and fertilizer. However, destroying forests exacerbates climate change, and there already exists a lack of natural resources. A more effective solution to the issue of food shortage is to use genetic improvement of crops.

We have managed to plant two Mung bean plants and measured their growth periodically. We hypothesize that the Mung bean plant kept under the influence of afternoon sunlight would have a radical growth than the Mung bean plant receiving morning sunlight. The Mung bean plant known as Vigna Radiata is indigenous to Indian Subcontinents. They are popular food legumes in China, Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asian Countries (Huang, Cai, and Xu 2013). The Mung bean provides significant amount of essential nutrition such as Vitamin A, C, and K (SelfNutritionData 2014). Many research data validates that the Mung beans Heart Disease, controls Diabetes, and inducing Anti-cancer cytokines (Gamonski 2014). Today, people living in the suburban area obtain Mung beans as an obese fighter (Gamonski 2014). The farmers around the world cultivate Mung beans in a wet soil and sprouts thoroughly in tropical sunlight temperature (Oplinger, Hardman, Kaminski, Combs, and Doll 1990).

Out of the various substances in fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer supplies key nutrients for the development of wheat. Because nitrogen fertilizer has little residue, it does not harm the environment as much as other fertilizers. (Lam, Chen, Norton, Armstrong, 2012) “Corn, wheat, and rice, the fast-growing crops on which humanity depends for survival, are among the most nitrogen hungry of all plants. They demand more, in fact, than nature alone can provide.” (Charles 2013)

In the 1970s -80s the reduce of poverty and malnutrition was top priority for mant nation in Africa. The instedment of employment on famrs and the growth of production in staple crps had to be revived, eith throough exspansion of farmland, or the increase in yield. Conventional plant breeding was still making very substantial growth t yield. Until the introduction of new pest, lack of micronutrients, and sutable land for growth of crops. GM crosp could be better suited to environmental contraints leading to increased yields.

The anthropogenic emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses trap heat within the atmosphere, this results in Global Warming, an increase in the planet’s temperature (Vitousek, 1994). Of the potential issues arising due to increased global temperatures, the threat to agriculture is one of the most essential (Cline, 2008). Temperature is crucial to the survivability of plant species, it has been proven to be the key environmental variable in regulation of the dormancy state and germination of seeds (Vleeshouwers, Bouwmeester and Karssen, 1995).

As one of the crop with longest history in the world, maize played an important role in feeding human and the animals, as well as is the important raw ingredients for some industrial materials. The production has reached 821 million tons in 2011, mainly cultivated in United States of America, China and Brazil. Both abiotic and biotic factors will affect the growth and development of the maize plant, at the same time influencing also the yield of the crop. Negative interaction between maize plant and other organism is the main biotic driver that is likely to influence the crop productivity. Drought, temperature and solar radiation are biotic factors that can bring greater influence in the crop yield. Soil is also a major driver as it is the nutrient source of the maize plant. One of the main cost factor in cultivation of non-leguminous plant, including maize is the application of fertilisers. In addition, many environmental hazards arise as the

High temperatures limit growth, development and ultimately adversely affecting crop yield. Detrimental effects of high temperatures have been observed during both the vegetative and reproductive stages of various plant species. However, reproductive stages are most sensitive to high temperature stress compared to vegetative stages. High temperature induced reduction in the crop yield is attributed to the negative effects of high temperature stress on cell structures and physiological and metabolic processes. High temperatures disrupt the integrity of cellular membranes and cause changes in enzyme activity that lead to alterations in the rates of biochemical reactions and ultimately an imbalance in metabolic pathways. The molecular basis of high temperature damage involves changes in protein conformation (Berry and Bjorkman 1980; Levitt 1980; Larkindale et al., 2005). Plants may be exposed to severe high temperature stress during germination, which can cause loss of vigor, ultimately leading to reduced emergence and seedling establishment. During

Climate change and variability poses a major challenge to current and future productivity of major crops. During the last century, there has been a rapid increase in various greenhouse gas emissions, leading to warmer temperatures, drought stress, and increased exposure to ultraviolet-B radiation. At the present rate of population increase and green-house gas emissions it is predicted that future climate will be warmer and drier, and there will be more occurrences of short episodes of extreme events of various stresses. Crops often exposed to short episodes of various abiotic stresses or its combination during its critical period of growth stages can limit its yield potential. Understanding of impact of climate change drivers and climate variability will be critical in developing crop management strategies to combat negative effect of climate change and variability. This review provides an overview of the influences of elevated carbon dioxide, high temperature stress, drought stress, elevated UV-B radiation and their interaction on various physiological, growth and yield processes of various crops. Elevated carbon dioxide will increase crop yield in C3 plants under optimum growth conditions. However, under high temperature, drought and UV-B stress conditions there will be very limited or no benefits of elevated CO2 on grain yield. It is predicted that global mean surface air temperatures will increase in the range of 1.5 to 4.5°C by end of this century. Similarly,

The simulation results (Scheme I) indicate that winter rice yield will significantly decline up to 44.81 % under climate warming when ignoring the effect of CO2 fertilization effects (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). The possible reason for the significant yield reduction is that rice is very sensitive to high temperatures at heading and flowering stages. A high temperature during anthesis accelerates a high percentage of spikelet sterility resulting from disturbed pollen shedding and impaired pollen germination (Yoshida 1981; Jagadish et al. 2014). It is worthwhile to mention that higher maximum temperature (more than 33 oC) can be critical during the rice pollination stage. Rice pollination persists in almost 2 to 3 weeks, and during the pollination stage, exposure to high temperature even for only an hour can considerably decrease pollen viability and thus significantly reduce rice yield

Ecological services are resources that are essential to the sustainability of life on Earth and are provided to its inhabitant as long as the environment is kept in good health. These ecosystems provide vital services such as provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting services to Earth’s residence. Moreover, these natural services are of vast importance in maintaining the planet’s biodiversity and are an imperative contributor in stabilizing the planet’s climate. Nonetheless, certain ecological services such as the generation and the preserving of soils in addition to renewing their fertility and the ability to control agricultural pests are at an increased risk due to continues human negligence.

The global population has reached a tipping point. Currently it stands at 7.2 billion people, and that number is only expected to go up; by 2050 the global population is expected to hit 9.6 billion (United Nations). In order to feed this multitude of people, the current food production must increase by 100% (Simmons 1). Something must be done to prevent mass starvation, and two different methods of crop production have been offered to alleviate the problem – genetically modified crops (GM) and organic farming. In order to determine which farming method will maintain a stable supply for a growing global population, one must consider the cost effectiveness, environmental friendliness, health of