Reaction Paper On Punarnava

The leaves are modified into two terminal lobes that shut close to form a trap for catching insects

Chandragupta was the first emperor of India, after conquering India and becoming the emperor of the Mauryan empire he was known to have been afraid of that he would have been killed as being an important part to the Mauryan Empire so he had some food tasters to make sure that his meals that he had weren’t poisoned, he would almost never leave his palace, Chandragupta would have to sleep in a different bed every night. When Chandragupta would come outside his palace he would have been escorted with his guards next to his sides riding elephants and would have to have been carried in a “jeweled chair”. To make sure that his orders and laws would reach to the smallest of villages he had to create what is known as a bureaucracy, (bureaucracy means

Parsley (Petroselinum crispum, family Umbelliferae) is considered as an aromatic and medicinal plant used often in traditional medicine for their diuretic, vermifuge, emmenagogue and purgative properties.(14),(15)

DPR.1997. Flora of Nepal: Fagaceae, Vol 1, Part 20. Kathmandu: Department of Plant Resources, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, HMGN. 12 p

It also antibacterial (Velikova et al., 2000), antifungal (Cotoras et al., 2004), antileishmanial (Santos et al., 2013), antiplasmodial (Batista et al., 2013), antisyphiliticus (Pereira et al., 2012), and anticariogenic (de Andrade et al., 2011) activities. It has also been isolated from other herbs such as Mikania glomerata (Vilegas et al., 1997), Copaifera langsdorffii (Costa-Lotufo et al., 2002), Sphagneticola trilobata (Mizokami et al., 2012), Pseudognaphalium vira vira (Cotoras et al., 2004), and several Annonaceae families (Cavalcanti et al., 2010; Guillope et al., 2011; Okoye et al., 2013; Oliveira et al., 2002). In spite of these therapeutic uses, kaurenoic acid had to be used carefully, because of its toxic effect. Costa-Lotufo et al. (2002) demonstrated its cytotoxic and embryotoxic effect by observing the embryonic cell of sea urchins and the hemolysis of mouse and human erythrocytes. Cavalcanti et al. (2010) identified its genotoxic and mutagenic effect in human leukocytes, yeast, and mice tissue cells.

Plants provide nutritional factors to the human body. Fruits and vegetables are good for our health. But aside from eating or make it a dessert it is also the main source of drugs that is being use from the ancient times as herbal remedies for the health care, prevention and cure of various diseases and ailments. Use of various plants parts like its bark, flowers, fruit, seeds, roots, leaves or let’s say the whole plant as such for medical purpose is been a long tradition in different culture. Use of plants as a medicine is being used by the Filipino. Our ancestors used plants as their medicine when they get sick because that time no ready-made medicine is available so they need to use the parts of plants as cure for their illnesses. Plants

The plant Saraca asoca has been used in various traditional medicine systems and has been reported to be pharmacologically active against various pathological states. Bark, Flower and Seeds are used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases and aliments. S.asoca is used in many pharmacological activities like anti-cancer, antimenorrhagic, anti oxytoxic, antimicrobial activity and have extend uses in ayurveda, unani and homeopathy system of medicine. S.asoca is available as various marketed formulations such as Ashokarishta, Ashokkwath, Seed powder, Flower powder, Ashokghrita, decoction, pill, paste, herbal wine, syrup, capsules etc containing bark extract (Hegdea et al., 2007).

In Kranz anatomy the mesophyll is undifferentiated, and its cells occur in concentric layers around vascular bundles. Vascular bundles are surrounded by largely sized bundle sheath cells which are arranged in a wreath-like manner in one to several layers. C4 plants, both monocots, and dicots, such as sugarcane, maize, sorghum have Kranz anatomy leaf.

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The seeds were surface sterilized with 0.1% Mercuric chloride for 5 minutes then washed with distiied water several times to remove chemicals. The seeds of Raphanus and Cucumber were spread on sterile filter paper in each petridish and soaked in aqueous root exudates of each weeds. Each weeds had three replicates with equal quantity of seeds in petridishes. The seeds are allowed to grow for 10 days at room temperature. The seeds treated with sterile distilled water was termed as control. The seeds treated with weeds aqueous root exudates of Ageratum conyzoides, Leucas aspera, Scoparia dulcis, Spilanthes acmella and Vernonia patula were termed respectively as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. During the experiment period, care was taken to add equal volume of root exudates in each petridish periodically. After 10 days the seedlings were harvested. Then the effect of root exudates on the seed germination and seedling growth were studied. The shoot and root length of the seedlings were measured in cm and recorded. Then the average shoot and root length were calculated. The result observed are presented in Tables and photo plates.

4. Cross section of monocot roor shows this root has a vascular cylinder of xylem and phloem that surrounds a central pith. The following: epidermis, cortex, endodermis, Casparian strip, pith, phloem, and xylem are identified.

Describe how the cells of the leaf system have a variety of specialized structures and functions; i.e., epidermis including guard cells, palisade tissue cells, spongy tissue cells, and phloem and xylem vascular tissue cells to support the process of photosynthesis

Medicinal plants are used traditionally in the treatment of various kinds of diseases since time immemorial. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of leaves from Elephantopus scaber by using different solvents (ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous). The ethyl alcohol, acetone and aqueous extracts of leaves were subjected to phytochemical analyses, which revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins, coumarins, quinones and glycosides in most of the selected of leaves useing different solvents. Ethyl alcohol ,acetone and aqueous extracts of leaves were investigated for in vitro antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida Albican by well diffusion method by using a different concentrations (20, 40, 60, 80, 100)mg/ml. Ethyl alcohol and acetone extract of leaves showed promising antimicrobial activity against all test organisms. Ethyl alcohol of leaves has the best activity against all test organisms. Found a high effective for ethyl alcohol extract of leaves compared with the other parameters, also it was recorded a high increase for ethyl alcohol of leaves compared with the acetone extract of leaves for a concentrations of (100, 20)mg/ml. The aqueous extract of the leaves has a weak activity against all test organisms and did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia for a

Herbal medicine has always been a part of the different cultures of the world. According to Woodham et al. (2000), herbs has played a very important part in the field of medicine for thousands of years. Looking back to the development of Herbalism in ancient Egypt, the comprehensive knowledge of the Greeks in herbal medicine, to the traditional way of Herbal Medicine in China, herbs have been a part of many therapeutic treatments found in many different parts of the world at different times of our history. Thousands of these different herbs including guava leaves, up to this time are still used in both conventional and natural medicine. Commercially, we can find these herbs in beverages like teas, different vitamins and supplements, ointments and creams and even in beauty products like shampoo and soaps. According to Morton (1987), guava leaves as part of the Far Eastern traditional herbal medicine continues to provide beneficial effects in maintaining and regaining physical health. It is amazing how guava leaves can be so useful in many ways. What components does the guava leaves have that it can be used for therapeutic treatment? By looking at the different use of guava leaves, this

The present study deals with review of pharmacological and ethnobotanical uses of Aristolochia bracteolata L. from family Aristolochiaceae is commonly known as Kida-mari, Gidan-pala. The plant has been used widely by traditional practitioners for the treatment of various diseases in in Indian subcontinent in the traditional system of medicine to treat cholera, fever, bowel troubles, ulcers, leprosy, skin diseases, menstrual problems and snakebites. The plant is also used as emmenagogue, abortifacient, antineoplastic, antiseptic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antifertility and antispermatogenic agent. Aristolochic acid, a major active constituent of the plant is reported to cause cancer, nephropathy, sister chromatid exchange and is a potent abortifacient. Aristolochia species are also used in China, Philippines, Cuba, Nigeria, East and West Africa, Caribbean island, and sub tropical countries as a folk medicine to treat eczema, rheumatic pain, stomachic, earache, syphilis and gonorrhea. The plants also used in the treatment of domestic animals. The present review deals with the different scientific studies and reports available in different aspects of this plant in the areas of Morphology, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology,