Reactivity Of Hcl Acids With Cells Lab Report

If feeding efficiency and reproduction have a direct correlation, and a population started with equal proportions of individuals with each of three feeding types, metal spoon, metal knife, and plastic fork, the frequency of the population with metal spoons as their feeding structure will increase in the next generation. While the frequency of metal knifes and plastic forks will decrease. Furthermore, since the organisms with the metal spoon feeding structure have a higher fitness level, this population will evolve by natural selection to a point where the metal spoon phenotype will be in abundant. While the organisms with metal knifes and plastic forks phenotypes will decrease in frequency due to the lack of reproduction. Eventually, if this population persist overtime, most of the organisms, if not all, will have the metal spoon phenotype, while very few, if not any, will have the metal knife or the plastic fork phenotype.

The purpose of adding acid to water in this lab was to test the effect of adding acid to something that doesn't have buffers in it so that the pH could be compared to the animal tissue which did.

A cell, the building block of all living organisms, is composed of four fundamental biomolecules: proteins, carbohydrates, sugars and lipids. Proteins provide a vast amount of functions cells such as they serve as enzymes, provide structural support to cells, and act as antibodies. Reagents are used to spark a chemical reaction. The reagent used to detect protein traces in a substance is Biuret’s. Biuret’s will turn purple if proteins are present and blue if they are none. Biuret’s copper particles, have a charge of +2, are diminished to a charge of +1 when peptide bonds, which are in proteins, are present, creating the color change. Polysaccharides, which are carbohydrates, are most notably known to provide energy to the body, but they also help in breaking down fatty acids. Iodine is the reagent used to determine whether a substance has starch in it. The iodine/starch complex has energy levels that are only for retaining unmistakable light, giving the complex its extraordinarily dark black-blue shade. If there is no starch found, iodine will remain its natural yellowish-brownish color, but if starch is present, iodine will turn blue-black. Monosaccharides, which are sugars, like polysaccharides, provide the body with energy. To detect monosaccharides, the reagent, Benedict’s, is used. Benedict’s reagent is added to a test tube, then it is placed in

Carboxylic acid is organic chemical compound that contain a functional group that is carboxyl group –COOH which is made of hydroxyl group and carbonyl group both attached to the same carbon which is attached to hydrogen atom or alkyl group thus the general formula of the carboxylic acid is R–COOH with R represent alkyl group or a hydrogen atom. Carboxylic acid functional group is partly ionized in solution so it is a weak acid, however it's acidity is considered as the chef chemical characteristic of it as it is generally more acidic than the other organic compounds that contain hydroxyl group and more acidic than the common organic functional groups but it is generally weaker than the common mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid (HCl).

The makeup of a compound drastically changes its intermolecular forces (IMFs) with the polar silica gel of a TLC plate; this concept is responsible for the variability of Rf values observed throughout the course of lab. The weaker the IMFs, the further a compound will travel through the silica. For instance, ionic interactions are the strongest IMF, but were not present during this experiment. H-bonding IMFs had the greatest impact for our specific compounds. Resorcinol and 3-chlorobenzoic acid exhibited low Rf values, due to its ability to H-Bond to silica’s hydrogen donors and oxygens acceptors (See graph 1). Both were adept to strongly H-bonded to silica because the compounds contained at least 1 H-donor and 2 H-acceptors. Thus, stronger/more

I learned that anaerobic is an organism or tissue that is living in the absence of air or oxygen while aerobic is involves the organism or tissue receiving and requiring air. Furthermore I learned about the anaerobic cellular respiration that uses an electron acceptor rather than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis. Also in this reading I learned about fermentation which is an anaerobic process in which energy can be released from glucose even though oxygen is not available.

Table 2: Consists of color extract taken from a red cabbage for a natural indicator. The pH reading that was measured by using the pH meter and the result of the pH reading to determine whether the solution was acidic or basic.

Ps: the iodine was already really dark so it was very hard to see much difference between the control and the others.

- parathesias: a prickly or tingling sensation known as “pins and needles” as a result of pressure or damage to peripheral nerves

Macrophages main function to eliminate injurious agents and initiate the process of repair, but are also responsible for much of the tissue injury in chronic inflammation. Macrophages eventually either die off or carried away by the lymphatics and lymph nodes. Several functions of macrophages are central to the development and persistence of chronic inflammation, by secreting verity of inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines (TNF, IL-1), and activating other cells, notably T lymphocytes. TNF and IL-1 derived from activated macrophages, promote leukocyte recruitment, which drive the inflammatory response into more chronic stage. Lymphocytes are often present in chronic inflammation and when they are activated, the inflammation tends to be persistent and severe. Lymphocytes may be the dominant population in the chronic inflammation seen in autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and myocarditis

The statement, the stronger acid has a higher pH than the weak acid , is proven to be false. pH is a measurement of the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions. To defined the pH we used the formula -log10[H+]. With this example H+= 1.0e^-2 equal the pH of 2 and H+=1.0e^-4 equal the pH of 4, we can see that the lower the pH values the concentration of hydrogen ions is higher when the pH goes up compare to when H+ decrease. HCl is a strong acid in which it completely ionize in water and become H+.

Considering the data and evidence collected from both primary, secondary and additional sources, I can conclude that my hypothesis, which suggests that the higher the food colouring concentration, the steeper the gradient of diffusion reaction, is valid. To support my hypothesis I will refer to my primary, secondary and additional evidence to explain my conclusions in depth.

In my hypothesis, I stated that there would be a faster reaction rate when the marble chips are small and is mixed with a higher level of concentration ( crushed marble chips, 2.0M hydrochloric acid). According to my results, there was a faster reaction in Part B, which was the small chips mixed with 2.0M HCI.

Occurring first in the synthesis process, an electrophilic chlorine atom forms a coordinate covalent bond with the nitrogen atom’s two unbonded election. This occurs as chlorine is a group seven element and, therefore requires one electron to achieve the desired full valence electron shell. However, in this circumstance the H2OCl molecule has an overall positive charge allowing the chlorine to accept both electron to form a full outer shell. Another possible cause for the nitrogen’s affiliation with the positive water molecule is its negative charge. With two unbonded electron the nitrogen has a large negative charge creating strong intermolecular force of attraction between the nitrogen and chlorine.

Many of the vaso-protective function of endothelium is provide by the Nitric Oxide(NO)20.Endothelium damaged by turbulent or non-laminar blood causes decreased production of NO.Such kind of blood flow also stimulates endothelial cells to produce adhesion molecules, which recruit and bind inflammatory cells. Hypercholesterolemia seems to inactivate the normal function of NO. The net effect is endothelial binding of monocytes and T cells, migration of these cells to the subendothelial space, and initiation of a local vascular inflammatory response. Lipids in the blood, particularly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), also bind to endothelial cells. 18Firstly LDL is transported across the healthy intima and become trapped in intima of a vessel wall.It undergoes oxidative modification and then oxidized LDL(OxLDL) is formed5.OxLDL is mighty inducer of inflammatory molecules.It adds up to the inflamotory signaling by endothelium that activates chemotactic substances, growth factors that attracts monocytes to vessel wall21Eventually OxLDL transforms monocytes into macrophages which makes the Forms cells, which are the hallmark of atherosclerosis. Oxidized LDL impair the signal transduction between endothelial cell surface receptors and NO production, inhibit NO synthase activity and inactivates NO realese from endothelial cells.22.Once the endothelium is impaired, oxidized LDL is stored in vascular endothelium and by the process of series of mechanism, foam cells are formed and then eventually fatty plaque that occludes the vessel along with the decreased amount of NO which decreases the ability of the vessel to dilate. As the plaque grows arterial wall narrowing and thickening occurs5. This plaque and narrowing of vessel results in decreased blood flow