Real Textile and Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Novel Cross-linked Microbial Fuel Cell (CMFC) Reactor

This is largely because they are relatively cheap and simple to manufacture. Furthermore, they produce vibrant shades of color and are reasonably soluble in water (Liu, Wan, Nan, n.d.). However, these dyes are now manufactured at such a large scale that they bring up numerous health and environmental concerns. In recent years azo dyes, especially Allura Red AC, have been connected to child hyperactivity, which also raises concerns over other potentially toxic effects they can have on living organisms (“FDA Probes Link”, 2011). This is only amplified by the fact that azo dyes such as Allura Red AC and Azo Grenadine are also especially recalcitrant to conventional methods of wastewater treatment. Research on this topic led me to an article on electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and their potential as a solution to mineralizing especially recalcitrant compounds in the environment, "Decontamination of Wastewaters Containing Synthetic Organic Dyes by Electrochemical Methods: A Review." This led me to pursue the investigation in my extended essay on the topic of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and the effect they have on azo dyes such as Allura Red AC and Azo Grenadine. In order to evaluate the effect of this process, I made the decision to do a comparison of the two dyes. This led me to the question, “How does the effect of electrochemical advanced oxidation processes vary between Allura Red AC and Azo

When Native Americans first go to school they’ll not used to teachers controlling them. Since Natives are used to sharing whatever they have, teachers will easily mistake Natives from “stealing” because teachers don’t understand common ownership. Native Americans tend to get along with others, take turns, work in groups, and share more than non-natives in school. Harmony is a big concept with Native Americans, so they get along very well and make sure their very equal with others. When a Native American student is in a class room some educators have to turn to cooperative learning. Sometimes American educators sometimes over look group efforts, and rather turn to individual efforts instead. Native American students don’t like competing against each other in academics; they’d rather help than compete with others.

Background and Objective: the human activities generate a variety of contaminants. One of these contaminants is the pesticides which are used to exterminate the agricultural pest. Organophosphates are a class of pesticides which, were replaced with the organochlorines from a few decades ago, due to their less resistance. diazinon is one of Organophosphate insecticide which is classified as a relatively hazardous materials (Class II by the World Health Organization). Diazinon has many adverse effects such as disruption of the immune system (Immunotoxic), cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity. The insecticide is relatively soluble in water and the maximum remaining level in water is 1 mg/L. The release of diazinon into surface and groundwater resources is one of important worries. Several methods such as ultrasonic waves, biodegradation, optical degradation, ozonation, gamma rays, Fenton, UV / H2O2 and Photocatalytic degradation have been used to remove the diazinon. The complexity of the process, high cost and high consumption of chemicals are of the problems with these methods. Nano-photocatalytic methods are new developing methods to remove environmental pollutants. TiO2 has found more attention due to high photocatalytic activity, stability against the light corrosion, economic acceptability and lack of

The technology behind hydrogen fuel cells is rather unremarkable, however, the difficulties and dangers created by the fuel cells will require extraordinary engineering. Today’s fuel cells use the same reverse electrolysis phenomena that Grove’s battery did over a century ago (Lampton). Hydrogen is ionized and passed through a membrane that separates the electrons from the hydrogen ions. The electrons are formed into an electrical current while the hydrogen ions react with the oxygen in the air to form water vapor, the heat generated by the reaction typically boils the water (Lampton). The catalyst and membrane can be tweaked and optimized by engineers to improve the technology but the basic principle will remain the same.

A fuel cell is a device that produces an electrical current through a chemical reaction. All fuel cells contain a cathode and an anode, which are positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The chemical reactions which produce electricity occur at the electrodes. Fuel cells also contain an electrolyte, which carries electrically charged particles between the electrodes. A catalyst also aids to speed up the chemical reaction at the electrodes. In fuel cells, an impurity must serve as the electrolyte; if one uses distilled water for this experiment, it could serve only as the control, because purified water does not contain any substances that react at the electrodes. Some examples of impurities used as electrolytes in various types of fuel cells include

Residues from fibre preparation sometimes emit pollutants during heat setting processes. Carriers and solvents may be emitted during dyeing operations depending on the types of dyeing processes used and from wastewater treatment plant operations. Carriers used in batch dyeing of disperse dyes may lead to

Main role of an Anion ion membrane is to conduct hydroxyl ions at very high rates from the cathode to the anode where reduction and oxidation of O2 and H2 occur. The AEM and its integration with the electrodes form the heart of the alkaline fuel cell. If the transport through the AEM is not sufficiently high and highly selective, the corresponding fuel cell will not find any practical application.

The decolorization potential of microorganism was assessed by examining its ability to degrade various textile dyes. All 10 dyes monitored showed decolorization as follows: Reactive Yellow 84 (complete decolorization in 5 h), Reactive Green 19A (95% in 24 h) , Reactive Red 120 (complete decolorization in 6 h), Reactive Blue 160 (complete decolorization in 3 h), Reactive Red 31(complete decolorization in 6 h), Solvent Red 24 (complete decolorization in 8 h), Basic Green 4 (80% in 24 h), Diamond Green 4 (complete decolorization in 24 h), Pigment Orange 31 (complete decolorization in 3 h) and RO16 (complete decolorization in 2 h), while in sterile, cell free medium decolorization did not occur up to 48 h of incubation suggesting the absence of abiotic decolorization. As RO16 showed complete decolorization in 2 h, this industrially important toxic azo dye was taken for further studies. Lysinibacillus sp. RGS could decolorize RO16 rapidly and thus was found to be better than the bacterial consortium DAS reported by Jadhav et al (2011). To confirm the decolorization, UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis was carried out. The absorption spectra of RO16 before and after treatment by Lysinibacillus sp. RGS in visible range were taken. Peak responsible for absorption maxima of parent dye (495 nm) were completely disappeared in the sample obtained after decolorization (Fig.S1) confirming the complete removal.

Fig. 4 shows the effect of pH on growth of Anabaena 7120 cells. It has been found that pH 9 and pH 11 are suitable for growth of cells, but the most promising and favourable result is obtained at pH 9 on 14th day. Elimination of dye by the blue-green algae is also dependent on the pH of the dye solution (Aksu and Tezar, 2005; Kumar et al. 2005). Fig. 5 shows the ability of Anabaena 7120 in removal of Red-RGB synthetic dye at different pH ranging from 3-11. It was observed that the percent removal increases from 50% to 100 % with the increase in pH from 3.0 to 11. It may be due to the fact that at higher pH, the surface area of the algae gets negatively charged, which enhances the interaction of

Wastewater is a broad term used to characterize the water with poor quality that have high quantity of pollutants and microorganisms.Water pollution is becoming a sever hazrd to survival of humanities. Industrial wastewater is greatly polluted that have very high amount of COD and inorganic nutrients. Untested dischager and insufficent treatment may direct to remarkable aquatic loss and consequent damage to the complete ecosystem.The textile industry is one of the rapidly developing industries and the number one polluter of clean water. It uses huge amount of water and generate high volumes of wastewater from various steps in the dyeing and finishing procedure. In excess to 80,000 tons of dyes utlize

Pollution has been a wide problem in all over a world. In most of the industries used dyes as a coloring agent such astextile (Y.C. Wong et al., 2013), paint (King et al., 2008), leather (Sugashini S. et al., 2012), cosmetic (Suantakkamsonlian et al., 2011),paper, printing, cloth (George Z. Kyzas) andfood industries. The wastewaters discharged from dying industries which contains high biological oxygen demand (BOD),

Recently, Natural organic dyes like indigo and indigo carmine are widely imported extensively in many industrial issues like textiles, printing, dying, and food [1]. Indigos Family are characterized by their high stability that arises from inter/intramolecular hydrogen bonding. The electronic and vibronic spectra of indigos are strongly influenced by π-domains intermo-lecular interactions [2]. Also, Indigos are well known of their high photochromicty which enrich their potential applications in photonic, storage, and spintronic devices [3]. Indigo carmine (IC), or 5,5′-indigodisulfonic acid sodium salt, is an organic salt derived from indigo by sulfonation, which renders the compound soluble in water. It is approved for use as a food colorant in the U.S and E.U. It has the E number E132. Indigo carmine is primarily employed as a pH indicator. It is blue at pH 11.4 and yellow at 13.0. Also, it is a redox indicator [4-6]. Indigo Carmine (IC) has a chemical formula of C16H8N2Na2O8S2, Molar mass (466.36 g/mol), and melting point (>300 °C). Moreover, Its other uses include indicating dissolved ozone through the conversion to isatin-5-sulfonic acid [7] and detecting superoxide, an important distinction in cell physiology [8] and being used as a dye in the manufacturing of capsules, and in obstetrics. Besides, the indigo carmine-based dye is used to detect

KPMG was established in 1987 with the merger of Peat Marwick International (PMI) and Klynveld Main Goerdeler (KMG) and their individual member firms. Spanning three centuries, the history of the organization can be traced through the names of the principal founding members of the organization - whose initials form the name "KPMG."

Did you know that 87 percent of students not going to college right out of high school do NOT meet the military recruitment standards? So why would we want to refuse nearly 1 percent of our military from serving (Feinberg)? Since Donald Trump was inaugurated, transgender recruiting for the military has decreased (Brook). Then on July 26, 2017, President Donald Trump tweeted that the U.S. military would no longer be accepting transgender soldiers in the military (Ingraham). This reverses the policy Barack Obama established in June 2016 when transgenders weren’t allowed in the military (McLaughlin). Although many believe the medical costs of having transgenders in the military are too expensive, they are just as accepted and prepared to fight as other soldiers.

The rapid growth of human population and industrialization has lead to the environmental pollution and the world is facing problems with a wide variety of pollution (Kshirsagar, 2013). The release of wastewater poses serious environmental challenges to the receiving water bodies (De-Bashan et al., 2002). Today, the demand for clean water is increasing worldwide and the main challenge of wastewater treatment is not only to produce clean water but it also support new developments (Velan and Saravanane, 2013). The process of bioremediation depends on the metabolic potential of microorganisms to detoxify or transform the pollutant, which is further dependent on accessibility and bioavailability (Bhatnagar and Kumari, 2013). Remediation can be enhanced by the addition of various microorganisms, called seeding or inoculation, to a polluted environment to promote increased rate of biodegradation (Antizar-Ladislao et al., 2008).