Red Blood Cell Distribution Width And Cardiovascular Diseases

Heart Failure is a progressive heart disease when the muscle of the heart is weakened so that it cannot pump blood as it should; the blood backs up into the blood vessels around the lungs and the other parts of the body (NHS Choice, 2015). In heart failure, the heart is not able to maintain a normal range cardiac output to meet the metabolic needs of the body (Kemp and Conte, 2012). Heart failure is a major worldwide public health problem, it is the end stage of heart disease and it could lead to high mortality. At present, heart failure is usually associated with old age, given the dramatic increase in the population of older people (ACCF/AHA, 2013). In the USA, there are about 5.7 million adults who have heart failure, about half of the people die within 5 years of diagnosis, and it costs the nation an estimated $30.7 billion each year (ACCF/AHA, 2013).

Heart failure affects nearly 6 million Americans. It is the leading cause of hospitalization in people older than 65. Roughly 550,000 people are diagnosed with heart failure each year (Emory Healthcare, 2014). Heart failure is a pathologic state where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the demand of the body’s metabolic needs or when the ventricle’s ability to fill is impaired. It is not a disease, but rather a complex clinical syndrome. The symptoms of heart failure come from pulmonary vascular congestion and inadequate perfusion of the systemic circulation. Individuals experience orthopnea,

Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of hospital admissions and readmissions in the United States (Desai & Stevenson, 2012; Gheorghiade, Vaduganathan, Fonarow, & Bonow, 2013). It is a condition that accounts for a very high morbidity and mortality (Bakal, McAlister, Liu, & Ezekowitz, 2014). Every hospital admission for heart failure patients results in disease progression and poor prognosis. For chronic HF patients, a hospitalization is one of the strongest prognostic predictors for increased mortality (Gheorghiade et al., 2013). Factoring in re-hospitalizations, especially at 30-day to 90-day mark, it is increasingly detrimental to patient prognosis.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a syndrome that occurs when the heart cannot pump sufficient blood to meet the tissues metabolic and oxygen needs. As a result, intravascular/ interstitial volume overload and poor tissue perfusion occurs. An individual with heart failure experiences reduced exercise tolerance, a reduced quality of life and shortened life span. The most common cause of heart failure is coronary artery disease (CAD). The incidence of heart failure increases with age. Approximately 1% of people over the age of 50 and 10% of people over the age of 80 experience heart failure. The prognosis depends on underlying cause and response to treatment. Heart failure may be classified according to the side of the heart affected.

Red blood cells are called erythrocytes. Erythrocytes is a cell that travels in the blood. The blood consists of four major parts including red blood cells. Blood is a fluid that is inhuman in order to survive. There are different purposed for the red blood cells that are used to keep the body healthy. Red blood cells have a protein that carries more oxygen molecules from the lungs to the body. Hemoglobin leaves the body and returns carbon dioxide to the lungs. Without out this, people will not survive. When the red blood cell pass through the blood vessels in your body the cell forms a shape of a round shape like a donut. It the center it looks flat. Red blood cells have a lack of the nucleus and survive about 120 days. Red blood cell needs to be replaced by fresh ones daily.

Heart failure is a chronic, debilitating disease affecting 5.1 million Americans. It is the most common cause of hospital admissions for Medicare beneficiaries, and is the diagnosis associated with most readmissions (Sterne, Grossman, Migliardi, & Swallow, 2014). Lower quality of life is experienced by patients with heart failure. Mortality rates remain high with about 30% of patients dying within the first year after diagnosis (Vellone et al., 2013). In the U.S. heart failure has become a major public health concern. The number of annual hospitalizations for individuals with heart failure increased from 2.4 million to 3.6 million from 1990 to 1999 (Veroff et al., 2012). Therefore, it is imperative to develop interventions to better

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and the estimated cost of treatment is $32 billion yearly. Approximately 5 million people living in the United States suffer from congestive heart failure (CHF) and half of those diagnosed will die within 5 years. The quality and length of life for someone suffering from heart failure can be improved with early diagnosis, medication, physical activity, and diet modification (CDC, 2013). Congestive heart failure continues to account for more health care cost and readmissions than any other illness. The increase in the prevalence of CHF is contributed to the percentage of elderly population. Adherence to performance measures can increase patient outcomes (Mazimba, Grant, Parikh, Mwandia, Makola, Chilomo, Redko, & Hahn, 2012).

Congestive cardiac failure (CCF) is a complex and lethal clinical syndrome with high morbidity (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). The specific data about incidence of chronic heart failure is unknown due to difficulties in collecting self-reporting data (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2011). Some patients may not report their conditions, because it is mildly symptomatic and difficult to realize the symptoms when they are on the early stage of CCF (Urden, 2014). Therefore, the estimated data on incidence of CCF from National health Survey may be

Some key observations that we found throughout these clinical reports are that patients are offered numerous treatment options when diagnosed with heart failure. However, these treatment options are often restricted due to comorbid disorders/diseased the patients

Heart failure is term that is used to describe the heart’s inability to work efficiently as a pump. In order to decipher if an individual is likely to have heart failure is through their health history. Common backgrounds associated are diabetes mellitus, kidney dysfunction, hypertension, chronic lung disease, angina, myocardial infarction, and ischemic heart disease (Kirk, 2011). It is accompanied by shortness of breath on exertion, decreased exercise tolerance, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, ankle swelling, sudden weight gain, lack of appetite or nausea and difficulty concentrating (Kirk, 2011). In worsening conditions it could progress to fluid buildup, rapid or irregular heartbeat, chest pains , and sudden

Heart failure is a syndrome that involves dysfunction of the cardiac muscle that results in or increase the risk of developing manifestations of low cardiac output and/or pulmonary or systemic congestion (Grossman & Porth, 2014). The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute estimate that about 5.8 million people in the United States have heart failure. Even though heart failure can occur in any age group, it primarily affects older adults. Although morbidity and mortality rates from other cardiovascular diseases have decreased over the past several decades, the incidence of heart failure is increasing at an alarming rate. Approximately 400,000 to 700,000 people are diagnosed with heart failure each year (Grossman &

Possible risk factors of heart failure could be due to advanced age, high blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, previous episode of HF, and coronary artery disease (CAD). Heart failure may be the result of a single risk factor; however, a combination of factors greatly increases the risk. As we age, the muscles of the heart become weak and the vessels carrying blood to and from the heart lose elasticity and over time become hard. Frequent comorbidities in patients with heart failure include hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Paul & Hice, 2014).

Epidemiology of Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) can be subjective due to the different representation of the meaning of heart failure, as well as the prevalence and incidence of heart failure. In the Framingham Heart Study (1965) the lifetime risk of developing CHF is one in five.

“HF [heart failure] is a common, expensive, severe, and progressive disease state in which routinely adjusted treatments are required to lower morbidity and mortality, and reduce overall health care costs” (Dendale & Coauthors, 2012, p. 1). Due to the severity of HF, readmission rates of HF patients are an area of great concern because HF is the leading cause of hospital admissions and readmission in patients older than 65 years (Stamp, Machado, Allen, Correspondence, 2014). Not only is it the leading cause of hospital admissions and readmissions, it is also one of the most costly diagnoses in the United States (Stamp et al., 2014). Heart failure has become an increasing issue among a variety of patients especially those that have other underlying health conditions and especially those who are older. Heart failure has many troublesome symptoms that may reduce a patient’s quality of life. “Frequently experienced symptoms by HF patients such as shortness of breath and extreme fatigue significantly restrict an individual’s ability to perform self-care and daily activities…” (Stamp. et al., 2014). Readmission rates for HF patients is becoming a growing concern especially due to the “baby boomer” population getting older, which in return will increase the number of first time admissions and readmissions for patients with heart failure (Betihavas, 2013). According to Cykert (2012), “The ACA penalizes hospitals with a high rate

As the population ages heart failure is expected to increase exceptionally. About twenty-two percent of men and forty-four percent of women will develop heart failure within six years of having a heart attack. “Thirty years ago patients would have died from their heart attacks!” (Couzens)