Red Blood Cell Lysis Lab Report

The colorimetric assay is useful in so far as finding the concentration of creatinine. However, a diagnosis of kidney dysfunction requires the creatinine concentration in both serum and urine to be analysed. This is because serum and urine creatinine concentration can vary as function of the patient's gender, age, size (i.e., body obesity, muscle mass, or malnutrition). This can lead to creatinine concentration appearing normal when there is an underlying kidney dysfunction, or

An individual presenting with signs and symptoms of DI will have large volumes of dilute urine excretion, excessive thirst, and possible dehydration. The healthcare provider needs to document that osmotic diuresis is not caused by glucose or another type of kidney disease. If those findings are not the cause of diuresis, continuation of the diagnosis of DI can continue. Usually, a 24-hour urine is observed and documented at the beginning of suspected DI (Grossman & Porth, 2014). Lab work, such as urine and plasma osmolality is very important. In central DI, plasma osmolality will have normal to high levels of sodium (>142mEq/L) due to the significant amount of water loss. When the urine osmolality is less than the serum osmolality, DI is very indicative (Bichet, 2013a). The healthcare provider must look at the urine specific gravity, hematocrit, and sodium levels. In DI, the urine is very dilute and the serum, or blood, is very concentrated. Lab work will reflect a low urine specific gravity and urine osmolality, while the serum sodium and hematocrit will be high. Once central DI is suspected, an MRI of the pituitary-hypothalamic area is used to determine the cause (Grossman & Porth, 2014). According to Grossman and Porth (2014), when assessing an MRI, “a bright-spot is related to the content of stored ADH. This high-intensity signal is present in most

3ml of sample was taken first flask at 4 minutes and added to the appropriate tube of sodium hydroxide, from the second flask at 4.5 minute and so on, each flask was sampled at 30 second intervals. The sampling was then repeated starting at 8,12,16 minutes. The final sample from the last flask was taken at 18.5 minutes. Once the sampling was completed, measurements of absorbance were obtained for solution in each tube at 405 nm.

The serum creatine levels, the BUN, the urinary potassium, the serum pH and sodium clacium are high.

A sample of urine was taken from a patient with kidney disease was labeled as

From the twenty percent concentration (according to the graph) the highest absorbance that managed to be absorbed was at .425, with .025 absorbance read every twenty seconds from the spectrophotometer. The lowest concentration, the five percent NaCl managed to reach .535 of absorbance from the spectrophotometer, stating that a low amount of NaCl will cause a faster reaction from the lactase activity. After successfully stating that our hypothesis follows the results of the

7. J.H. 's laboratory findings: The urine, hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (HCT) are standard. The elevated white blood cell (WBC) count is from infection, and the sodium might be low, depending on his hydration status and vomiting (Al Bekairy, Al Harbi, & Aikatheri, 2014 ).

There are also a few tests that will show whether or not the kidneys are filtering the body’s fluids as they should. A simple urinalysis can be done to detect protein or blood in the urine. This will alert the medical professionals to a possible problem with the proper functioning of the kidneys. There are also Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) tests that will measure the

a) A complete blood count (CBC): Blood work is done to allow us to evaluate the kidney function and allows us to see if there is any systemic imbalances going on within the body. The blood test of choice would be a complete blood count which allows us to view all the circulating cells in the blood and justifies our ideas of what wrong with Garfield. In Garfield’s case we would expect to see a decrease RBC (erythrocyte) cell count, due to blood loss present in the urine (hematuria). Another sign that would indicate decreased levels of erythrocytes in the blood would be Garfield’s pale mucous membranes, indicating Garfield is not getting adequate oxygen levels and therefore is anemic. We would also expect an increased number of WBC (leukocytes)

occurs in persons on a low-protein diet or chronic dialysis because BUN is more readily

The experiment confirms the hypothesis as, when compared to the isotonic environment, the sheep red blood cells that were exposed to a hypotonic environment either expanded or lysed. The increased ECF’s absorbance in the three hypotonic solutions show that more light was absorbed - an indicator of a ruptured red blood cell. Although the 50mM solution produced a lower absorbance than the 100mM solution when the expected amount of the former should have been higher than the latter, the hypotonic solution still has a larger absorbance than the isotonic solution. It is worth noting that the hypotonic environments produced the clearest red solutions. In all three hypotonic environments, high absorbance values in comparison to the isotonic controlled environment were collated (Table 3).

CAUSES OF ALBUMINURIA High blood pressure, Congestive heart failure  Metabolic syndrome, or kidney damage from nephrotic syndrome ALBUMINURIA is seen in all forms of acute and chronic renal diseases GLUCOSE Glucose is found in the blood and is the main sugar that the body manufactures Glucosuria- The presence of glucose or blood sugar in urine is. It may indicate that the person has diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus -  condition in which the pancreas no longer produces  enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed int o  the cells of the body. SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES MELLITUS  frequent urination increased thirst  increased hunger The treatment includes changes in diet, oral  medications, and in some cases, daily injecti ons of  insulin.

working from his own improvised laboratory in the attic of the medical ward. He checked the urine samples first visually and then chemically for acidity, pus, protein, and glucose. Protein or glucose in the urine would have suggested kidney malfunction, especially diabetes. But all the tests were negative. Except

participant in sterilized urine containers and used to determine albumin in 24 h urine specimen. The urine levels of the biomarkers were normalized to the urinary creatinine concentration to control for variations in hydration status. Serum and urinary TNF-α: serum levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immune absorbent assay (ELISA) using commercially available standard kits (Quantikine high-sensitivity human TNF-α Research & Diagnostic Systems, Europe Ltd, Abington, UK). The urinary concentration of TNF-α was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a Human TNF-α Quantikine ELISA kit (DTA00C; R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University and informed written consent was obtained from each individual. Statistical analyses Were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows (version 22.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data were expressed using descriptive statistic (mean ± standard deviation) and were analyzed. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was done to compare different parameters between more than two groups. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between serum and urinary TNF-α levels, clinical, biochemical tests and other studied metabolic parameters in patients with diabetic nephropathy. P-values were considered significant if < 0.05).On the other hand there were no significant

One of the diseases is diabetes mellitus which is a major cause of renal failure. This disease can be defined as an increase of fasting blood glucose that is affected by a deficiency in insulin hormone. The normal range for glucose (fasting) in the blood is 2.8-6.0 mmol/L. It is classified into two groups, type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Stein (2008, p.6) points out that kidney failure happens most often when patients have suffered from diabetes mellitus for more than 10 years. According to United States Renal Data System (USRDS) report in 2007, approximately 44% of primary causes of renal failure is diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2005. Also, Stein (2008) indicates that 15% of dialysis patients are influenced by diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom. Diabetes mellitus has negative affects throughout the kidneys where the increase of the range of blood sugar causes the damages to the cells in the kidneys. This leads to the presence of the glucose in the urine which is known as glycosuric.