As a potential tool to optimize the delivery of therapeutics via the cardiovascular system, researchers are looking to erythrocytes as an abundant and versatile drug delivery platform. There seems to be a consensus in the biomedical community that modified red blood cells (RBCs) have great potential to add to the safety, effectiveness, and specificity of therapeutics and other interventions. RBCs have already been shown to interact with more than fifty known drugs that have been approved by the FDA, and may be unintentionally serving as a natural compartment that affects; biodistribution, metabolism, and the pharmacokinetics of many commonly prescribed medications. As seen in figure 1, RBCs are enucleated, biconcave discs that are …show more content…
A major downside to this method is a lack of therapeutic isolation from the body which makes this approach a poor choice for targeted delivery. Another complication with this method is that the coupled therapeutic might cause an unintended immune response. The major benefit associated with coupling therapeutics to the surface of RBCs is that it is possible to perform the procedure in the patient’s cardiovascular system. Once injected, the therapeutics with conjugated RBC targeting ligands will form covalent chemical cross linkers with a receptor on the extracellular surface of the RBC. In doing so, the trouble of having to extract RBCs, treat them, and ultimately reintroduce them back into the patient’s cardiovascular system is avoided. Also, by coupling the therapeutics to the RBCs membrane, this approach avoids the damage that can occur during the encapsulation method which will be discussed next. (Muzykantov)
The alternative method of loading RBCs, involves encapsulating the therapeutics inside the cell. While there are multiple methods for coaxing the cell to uptake a therapeutic, there appears to be a consensus that osmosis driven entrapment is the method that does the least amount of damage to the cell membrane. This method takes advantage of an interesting biochemical feature of red blood cells and can be viewed in figure 2. When RBCs are put in a hypotonic solution
Please answer these questions then place them in the drop box for this lab. Use Microsoft word if possible.
There are many parts of a cell, they all have specific duties, and are all
3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Blood is a bodily fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells within the body. Blood has plasma that lets the different types of blood travel round the body. Plasma contains proteins that have different functions for the blood- clotting, transporting and defence organisms and osmotic organisations. The plasma carries the red blood cell which has a elastic membrane so it can fit through the small capillaries within the body. Red blood cells can be also known as erythrocytes they don’t have a nucleus when they are matured which gives a bigger space for oxygen, although as there is no nuclei the red blood cells can’t divide so they only live for around 120 days. Red blood cells gain their colour from haemoglobin, oxygenated blood which is known as arterial blood which flows through the arteries coming from the heart and
A 13 year old is studying blood in school, and has asked some questions that haven't been answered in class. I will answer
The Journey of a red blood cell begins inside the bone, where the blood cell is made which is the bone marrow. The red blood cells travel around the body within capillaries. Then the deoxygenated red blood cell makes its way to the heart in the vena cava. After the blood cell has made its way through the heart the right atrium (the cell enters the right atrium first) contracts and pushes the blood cell through the tricuspid and into the right ventricle (the parts where the blood cell enters second which is located in the bottom right corner of the heart.) Next the right ventricle again contracts and pushes the blood cell out of the heart through the semi lunar (the section of the heart where the cell enters third). Then finally the deoxygenated
Research indicates that small molecules are the most common and more easier form of drug therapeutics. Small molecules are easier and more cost effective to produce. However because they are chemically produced and are ingested through tablets, it makes it difficult for them to have a lasting affect within the body. Researchers are looking into using biologics as an alternative form of therapeutic for certain diseases. Biologics are naturally synthesised from various sources. It has been known that biologics would have a longer “life expectancy” within the body because it would be given intravenously, directly into the blood stream avoiding it from being broken down by the G1 tract which would occur with a small molecule (Bayer HealthCare,
Take five red pipe cleaner pieces and shape each into a flat circle. These will represent red blood cells. Mix them in with your plasma.
The other type of artificial blood is more of a blood substitute as it is derived from either outdated bovine or human red blood cells. It is known as Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers (HBOC), Hemoglobin which is the oxygen carrying protein molecule found in red blood cells is extracted from the obsolete red blood cells through ultrafiltration and purification. The Hemoglobin must undergo specific processes in an attempt to prevent the Hemoglobin from disassociating from its natural four-chain configuration (Fridey 3). There is numerous methods of chemically altering the Hemoglobin to increase the molecules size so it does not dissociate and break down. The two main processes of enlarging the
Cells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells are made up of many different parts which allow them to function properly.
The first solution used is distilled water which is a hypotonic solution. In this situation, water will diffuse into the red blood cells causing them to expand and be round (as shown in the above results) and sometimes they may rapture as shown in the picture below:
The Australian Red Cross Blood Service (ARCBS) has identified a long-standing issue of poor repeat blood donation from young donors, in particular males. While this group of the population has a high number of new donors, it has been found they are also the least loyal, which poses a problem for both current and future blood stocks. As a marketing consultancy firm, we have been commissioned to analyse the issues surrounding blood donation in Australia, and to devise three cost-effective marketing strategies aimed at increasing repeat donation from this demographic.
The membrane of the red blood cell plays many roles that aid in regulating their surface deformability, flexibility, adhesion to other cells and immune recognition. These functions are highly dependent on its composition, which defines its properties. The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins, besides its lipidic main constituents; and the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. In human erythrocytes, like in most mammal erythrocytes, half of the membrane mass is represented by proteins and the other half are lipids, namely phospholipids and cholesterol.[29]
Cardiovascular diseases are potentially chronic illnesses that affect many individuals of all ages across the world. Heart disease is a condition that consist of the narrowing or blockage of blood vessels in the human body that leads to myocardial infarctions, chest pain, and even strokes. Concerns about the effects of heart conditions have inspired scientific research to help address the problem. The article, “Heart Therapy” by Gabor Rubanyi examines a different approach that can be used to prevent serious heart problems. The article is based on the premise that people can be at risk of developing blood clots or a thick buildup of plaque in the walls of the arteries that can block an individual’s arteries leading to a heart attack and in other severe cases, death. Rubanyi is a physician, and co-founder of Angionetics that intends to use gene therapy to grow new blood vessels in the heart. This paper will provide a summary and critique of the thoughts and ideas posited by Rubanyi.
The law proves that natural selection is necessary for evolution to occur ("SparkNotes: population genetics," 2014). The conditions set up by the Hardy-Weinberg Law allow for variability (the existence of different alleles) and inheritance, but they eliminate natural selection ("SparkNotes: population genetics," 2014). The fact that no evolution occurs in a population meeting these conditions proves that evolution can only occur through natural selection ("SparkNotes: population genetics," 2014). The Hardy-Weinberg Law allows us to estimate the effect of selection pressures