Red Giants Research Paper

When stars died, chemicals other than hydrogen and helium formed, which led to the next level of complexity—Heavier Chemical Element. Most stars spent about 90% of their life over billions of years on during protons and hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei. When they run out of fuel, the furnace at the center of the star stopped supporting the star, and gravity took over. Small stars did not have much pressure at the center. They burned hydrogen slowly over billions of years at relatively low temperatures. When they died, they would slowly fade away. However, great stars had so much mass that they can create enormous pressures and temperature, and when the giant stars ran out of hydrogen, the temperature got cranked up even higher, which led the star to collapse. The high temperature that the collapse caused was able to make helium nuclei fuse into nuclei of carbon. When a star used up its helium, it collapsed again, and the cycle started over. The star heated up and began to fuse carbon to form

After its core hydrogen is depleted, a red main sequence star will go supernova after its red giant phase.

Cooler stars emit heat in the infrared area of the electromagnetic spectrum, and thus, they appear to be red. It should also be noted that hot stars radiate energy at the ultraviolet and blue areas, making them appear white or blue. The surface temperature of a celestial object can be determined by using the relationship between the wavelength of the light and the temperature of the blackbody and in the case of an increase in temperature, the tip of the spectrum becomes shorter in

As this slow contraction continues, the core temperature, density, and pressure of the star continues to increase. As the star shrinks it becomes so dense that it starts to compress helium. This results in the star to swell due to the hot core and leaving a relatively cool surface. Eventually the outer layers of the star expand outwards, increasing the size of the star. As the layers continue to expand, the surface temperature continues to cool, forming a relatively large star called a red giant.

A white dwarf is the leftover core of a planetary nebula. A white dwarf is a low-mass star that is virtually dead. Since it is a leftover core it is extremely dense. Inside of a white dwarf, no fusion takes place. The white dwarf will continue to give off light for about 20 million years and is theorized that it will then become a black dwarf. As of now, no black dwarfs have been discovered, simply because the universe is too young. A black dwarf gives off no light and is also cold, compared to the other stars in their life cycles. These black and white dwarfs burn through their fuel very slowly, which would be why they last for millions of

the red supergiant Betelgeuse which lies on Orion's shoulder. The star Betelgeuse, is a red

Orion has two of the brightest stars, be Betelgeuse and Rigel. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant. The gravity of the star squeezes its core tightly, heating it to billions of degrees. It then fuses the helium to make heavier elements. When that happens, the star no longer produces energy in the core. Without the reactions in its core to push outward, gravity quickly causes the core to collapse, forming a neutron star.

According to NASA the composition of the white dwarf is apparently hardly noticeable and the attempt at those being the brightest was just as much as an ordinary 100 watt light bulb from the moon. The planetary nebula is the change from a medium mass star that’s a red giant to a white dwarf that’s very close to the power of the sun eventually

Most stars, around 70 percent, are red dwarves, which are less massive than the sun. These stars are immortal, to our purposes. Their lives are several orders of magnitude longer than the sun's. There are many more that aren't red dwarves but are still less massive than the sun. Most stars we can see with the naked eye, however, are more massive, and stellar lifetime decreases rapidly with mass. There isn't a red dwarf close enough to be seen naked eye. So most that you see in the

Once the helium in the core is exhausted, the star emits its outer layers into space, contracts down, and emerges as a White Dwarf. Ultimately, the White Dwarf will lose all of its energy, collapse due to gravity, and enter a Black Dwarf stage. No Black Dwarfs have been observed in our universe because the time it takes for a White Dwarf to cool completely is likely to be trillions of years. A Black Dwarf is simply an explanation for what would result following the death of a White Dwarf.

All stars are born in nebulae. Nebulae are huge cold clouds of gas and dust. The formation of protostars requires huge clouds of gas and dust collapsing under gravitational forces. The stage of a protostar last an approximate of 50 million years. As stars grow, they also expand. When the core runs out of hydrogen and helium, the contacts and outer layers of the core expand, become cold, and the brightness decreases. This is also known as a Red Giant or a Red Supergiant which mainly consists of the star’s mass. After a while of beginning the process of its death it goes through other stages.

The knowledge of what the inner core is made up is still and will remain unknown until we can create a satellite that can make into the atmosphere of Jupiter and the other gas planets. Jupiter's atmosphere was also found to be quite turbulent. It is also know that Jupiter spins faster than any other planet. This indicates that Jupiter's winds are driven in large part by its internal heat rather than from solar input as on Earth. The vivid colors seen in Jupiter's clouds are probably the result of subtle chemical reactions of the trace elements in Jupiter's atmosphere, perhaps involving sulfur whose compounds take on a wide variety of colors, but the details are unknown. The colors correlate with the cloud's altitude: blue lowest, followed by browns and whites, with reds highest. Sometimes we see the lower layers through holes in the upper ones. Then we have the Great Red Spot that everyone can identify as Jupiter. This reddish color of the “Great Red Spot” is a puzzle to scientist, but several chemicals, including phosphorus, have been proposed as a reason. In fact, the color and mechanisms driving the appearance of the entire atmosphere are still not well understood. This spot has been seen by Earthly observers for more than 300 years. Robert Hooke discovered it in the 17th century. The GRS is an oval about 12,000 by 25,000 km, big enough to hold two Earths. Another interesting feature about Jupiter is that it

Main sequence stars like our own sun enduring in a state of nuclear fusion during which they will produce energy for billions of years by replacing hydrogen to helium. Stars change over billions of years. When their main sequence phase ends they pass through other states of existence according to their size and other characteristics. The larger a star's mass, the shorter its lifespan is. As stars move toward the end of their lives, much of their hydrogen will be converted to helium. Helium sinks to the star's core and raises the star's temperature—causing its outer shell to expand. These large, puffy stars are known as Red Giants. The red giant phase is actually a prelude to a star shedding its outer layers and becoming a small, dense body called a White Dwarf. White dwarfs cool down for billions and billions of years, until they finally go dark and produce no energy at all. Once this happens, scientists have yet to observe, such stars become known as Black Dwarfs. A few stars avoid this evolutionary path and instead go out with a bang, exploding as Supernovae. These violent explosions leave behind a small core that will then turn into something called a Neutron Star or even, if the remainder is large enough, it is then turned into something called a Black Hole.

It actually a high-pressure storm that has been in Jupiter’s southern hemisphere for at least 400 years. The Great Red Spot rotates counter-clockwise (and makes a full rotation every six Earth days. Some people believe that the Great Red Spot is shrinking but we are not sure. Scientists are also not sure where the reddish color comes from. The most popular theory says that the color may be caused by complex organic molecules, red phosphorus, or other sulfur compounds. The Great Red Spot varies greatly in color, it goes form brick-red to pale salmon, and white. As you can see Jupiter’s atmosphere is very interesting and we still have a lot to learn.

The longevity of a star’s life depends highly on its mass. Bigger stars burn through hydrogen more quickly, using up their fuel in a shorter amount of time and smaller stars burn through their fuel more more slowly, lasting longer, and therefore surviving for sometimes trillions of years. After the core runs out of hydrogen to burn, the fusion inside this “gigantic hydrogen bomb” slows down and begins to move to the outer layers of the star, heating up the surface, causing the star to expand, creating a red giant. During this time, the unstable, collapsing core heats up and begins fusing the helium atoms into carbon and carbon into oxygen, continuing the process and producing heavier elements and releasing more energy.After the core runs out of this fuel, there is no energy to fight against gravity and it collapses into a dense white dwarf, cooling over billions of years and eventually falling apart. Larger stars, however, undergo a different demise. These stars become massive red giants referred to as supergiants, producing carbon until “carbon builds up so much that their core collapses under the weight” (DK). The extreme heat produced by the allows supergiants to continue the fusion process with heavier elements, such as magnesium, sulfur, and silicon until they produce iron, an element that is lethal to the biggest of stars.